WO2017048786A1

WO2017048786A1 - Thermal energetic methods of applying biologically active ceramics

Info

Publication number: WO2017048786A1
Application number: PCT/US2016/051644
Authority: WO
Inventors: Francisco Jose Cidral-Filho; Shannon VISSMAN; Steven MIDTTUN
Original assignee: Multiple Energy Technologies Llc
Priority date: 2015-09-14
Filing date: 2016-09-14
Publication date: 2017-03-23
Also published as: TW201720756A

Abstract

The subject matter described herein is directed to methods of applying bioceramic compositions using thermal energetic methods, and articles made by such methods.

Description

THERMAL ENERGETIC METHODS OF APPLYING BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

CERAMICS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/218,448, filed September 14, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Heat sensitive adhesives are adhesives that form a bond when heat is applied to connect the adhesive with the adherent. Heat sensitive adhesives can be used to adhere various types of substrates to a surface or object, for example, one sheet of paper to another, a sheet of paper to a solid object, or a sheet of paper to a film, under the combined action of heat and pressure.

However, heat-sensitive adhesives are not satisfactory for many adhesive uses, since in many applications it is difficult to simultaneously heat both the adhesive, the substrate, and the object or surface to which the substrate is to be attached.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0003] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of applying a material to an article, provided that the material comprises a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer, wherein the adhesive layer is contacted with the article; and wherein upon application of heat to the material the biologically active ceramic is applied onto the article.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] The novel and inventive features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings which in this provisional patent application are provided in the Examples section below.

[0005] FIGURE 1 is a picture illustrating the targeted attachment of a material comprising a biologically active ceramic onto specific areas of a shirt.

[0006] FIGURE 2 is a schematic illustrating a thermal energetic method of applying a biologically active ceramic to an apparel.

[0007] FIGURE 3 is a picture illustrating the targeted attachment of a material comprising a biologically active ceramic onto specific areas of athletic pants. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0008] As used in this document, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. As used in this document, the term "comprising" means "including, but not limited to."

[0009] The present disclosure relates to the fabrication of materials comprising biologically active ceramics and the application of the materials to an array of articles by heat transfer.

Biologically active ceramics can, for example, absorb and reflect beneficial far-infrared energy (FIR). FIR is a region in the infrared spectrum of electromagnetic radiation from 3 micrometers to 100 micrometers (International Commission on Illumination classification of IR radiation) which has the ability to penetrate up to 1.5 inches (almost 4 cm) beneath the skin. Particularly in the range of 8 micrometers to 12 micrometers, FIR can present many beneficial biological effects. Nevertheless, many challenges exist in harvesting the beneficial ranges of far-infrared energy and transmitting them to an individual. Even greater challenges exist in devising strategies to provide beneficial ranges of far-infrared energy to specific zones or areas of an individual's body.

[0010] The present disclosure provides a thermal energetic method of applying a far-infrared emitting biologically active ceramic to an apparel, such as a garment. Heat transfer is the process of applying materials to various items (i.e., articles) by applying heat to the material with, for example, a heat press. For instance, heat-applied materials can contain a heat-sensitive adhesive on one side and a biologically active ceramic on the other side; whereby when a certain amount of heat is applied to the material, the material adheres to the substrate to which it is being applied. When heat transfer is used to apply a decorative design to a fabric for instance, the end result is the fabrication of a decorated garment that comprises a far-infrared emitting biologically active ceramic. The materials comprising biologically active ceramics can be applied to various articles, such as apparel (shirts, sleeves, etc), furniture (seat rests), bedding, and numerous others.

[0011] Also described herein are compositions and kits comprising: one or more layers of a biologically active ceramic, and optionally an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer. The kits and compositions can be used to apply the biologically active ceramic to an article. For example, a kit can be used to apply a biologically active ceramic to a fabric comprising polyester and/or elastane. The kits can comprise one or more sheets with a layer(s) of a biologically active ceramic. Each layer of the biologically active ceramic can comprise a heat-sensitive adhesive. The kits can further comprise a set of reagents for attaching the biologically active ceramic onto an article(s). In some examples, the set of reagents can include one or more types of heat sensitive glues that can be used to attach the biologically active ceramic to the fabric. In other cases, the set of reagents can include an anti-stick sheet. The kit can also comprise written instructions for a use thereof.

[0012] Yet another feature of the subject matter described herein is the targeted attachment of a material comprising a biologically active ceramic sheet onto an article. Targeted attachment of a material to an article, such as a shirt or another article of clothing, can provide specific targeting of the biologically active ceramic to an individual exposed to the article. For instance, a shirt that comprises a concentration of a biologically active ceramic in the shoulder, in the back, or in the abdomen region can provide the beneficial effects of far infrared energy emitted/reflected by the bioceramic to the shoulder, abdomen, and/or back zones in the body more effectively (FIG. 1). Targeted attachment of the material onto an article/substrate can be used to apply the biologically active ceramic to desired areas of the article, such as the shoulder(s), elbow(s), wrist(s), lower back, pectoral area, knee(s), ankle(s), and other areas of a shirt. Targeted application of the material to an article in turn can lead to the formation of an article that provides the beneficial effects of far infrared energy to an area or body region of choice. Targeted attachment of a material can also be used to create custom made articles. For instance, custom made articles can not only target the beneficial effects of far infrared energy emitted by the biologically active ceramics to particular areas/zones of a target, but they can also be used to create unique designs. Targeted application of the material to an article can also be used to provide distinct

concentrations of the biologically active ceramic to one or more areas of the article.

[0013] Another feature of the subject matter described herein is a transfer material comprising a biologically active ceramic. A transfer material can comprise one or more layers. For instance, a transfer material can comprise: (1) a liner which supports the product through manufacturing and protects the adhesive until it is applied to the end use surface; (2) an adhesive, which can be pressure-sensitive or heat-activated; (3) a facestock which can be a film or other specialty paper, fabric, or membrane to which a topcoat and adhesive are anchored, a facestock can also comprise biologically active ceramics; (4) a biologically active ceramic; and (4) a topcoat, which is a physical surface coating that can be applied to promote or increase ink adhesion with

conventional and digital print technologies or to modify gloss or other properties. For example, in one embodiment, the composition comprises (a) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); (b) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In another embodiment, the composition comprises (a) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); (b) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % tourmaline;

(c) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In another embodiment, the

composition comprises (a) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); (b) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

(d) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In another embodiment, the composition comprises (a) about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); (b) about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In another embodiment, the composition comprises (a) about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); (b) about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In another embodiment, the

composition comprises (a) about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); (b) about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic composition comprises: (a) about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); (b) about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic composition comprises: (a) about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂05(OH)₄); (b) about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic composition comprises: (a) about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂05(OH)₄); (b) about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic composition comprises:

(a) about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); (b) about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic composition comprises: (a) about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂05(OH)₄); (b) about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic composition comprises: (a) about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

(b) about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO), provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In yet another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic comprises: (a) about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂05(OH)₄); (b) about 10 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 8 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In yet another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic comprises: (a) about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); (b) about 10 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 8 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In yet another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic comprises: (a) about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); (b) about 10 wt % tourmaline; (c) about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); (d) about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and (e) about 8 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. In some of these embodiments, the biologically active ceramic compositions of matter comprise tourmaline and the tourmaline comprises

NaFe²⁺ ₃Al₆Si₆Oi₈(B0₃)₃(OH)₃OH.

Methods of Thermal Energetic Transfer

[0014] The present disclosure provides a thermal energetic method of applying a far-infrared emitting biologically active ceramic to an apparel, such as a garment, provided that the material comprises a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer, wherein the adhesive layer is contacted with the article; and wherein upon application of heat to the material the biologically active ceramic is applied onto the article. In some instances, the material comprises more than one layer. For example, an adhesive layer can be applied as an intermediate layer between, for instance, a paper and a biologically active ceramic. When a certain amount of heat is applied to the adhesive layer, connections can be produced between the biologically active ceramic and the article. These produced connections between layers can be deposited onto one or both surfaces. In some cases, these produced connections between layers are deposited between the article and the biologically active ceramic, but not between the adhesive and the paper. When this is the case, the paper can be readily "peeled off from the biologically active ceramic.

[0015] Various parameters can be independently adjusted to achieve a high bonding strength between the biologically active ceramic and an article including:

(a) the type of adhesive material used in the bioceramic layer;

(b) the type of insulating material used in the bioceramic layer

(c) the thickness of the biologically active ceramic layer and/or the thickness of the adhesive coating layer;

(d) the bonding temperature;

(e) the amount of pressure applied; and

(f) the period of time where the heat and pressure where applied. [0016] The adhesive layer can be organic or inorganic, soluble or insoluble. In some cases, adhesive sheets have a tacky layer and a release paper. In some cases, adhesive sheets have a structure in which a tacky layer and a release paper have been used, when, for example, the release paper has been peeled off from the tacky layer and the adhesive layer has been used to affix one or more adherents. Alternatively, heat-sensitive adhesive sheets which do not exhibit surface tackiness at room temperature and require no release paper can be used. In such cases, heat-sensitive adhesives can contain a solid plasticizer and a thermoplastic resin as components. A heat-sensitive adhesive material can be obtained by mixing a tackifier or the like with such a heat-sensitive adhesive and applying the mixture to an opposite surface of a biologically active layer on which printing is performed. In some cases, the surface of the adhesive layer in such a heat-sensitive adhesive material may not exhibit surface tackiness at all at room temperature, however, it may exhibit surface tackiness when heated.

[0017] Non limiting examples of heat-sensitive adhesives include: SU-8, benzocyclobutene (BCB), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA), ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA), ionomer resins, polyester, polypropylene, low density polyethylene (LDPE) thermoplastic polyurethane adhesives (TPU), polyurethane reactive hot- melt adhesive, amorphous polyolefin, hydrocarbon resin, hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin, hydrogenated pure monomer resin, rosin resin.

[0018] Non limiting examples of tackifiers include: rosin resins, rosin esters, hydrogenated rosin resins, dimerized rosin resins, and modified rosin resins; hydrocarbon resins, including C5 aliphatic resins, C9 aromatic resins, C5/C9 aliphatic/aromatic resins; and terpene resins.

[0019] The material may additionally comprise an insulating layer. In some cases, the insulating layer has reflective properties. Non-limiting examples of the insulating layer include aluminum foil, aluminized cloth, aluminum powder, copper, silver, carbon, fiberglass, glass wool, cellulose, rock wool, polystyrene foam, urethane foam, vermiculite, perlite, and cork.

[0020] The thickness of the biologically active ceramic layer and/or the thickness of the adhesive coating layer can vary. For example, the thickness of the biologically active ceramic layer and/or the thickness of the adhesive coating layer can each independently be smaller than 1 micrometer, smaller than 2 micrometers, smaller than 3 micrometers, smaller than 4 micrometers, smaller than 5 micrometers, smaller than 6 micrometers, smaller than 7 micrometers, smaller than 8 micrometers, smaller than 9 micrometers, smaller than 10 micrometers, smaller than 20 micrometers, smaller than 30 micrometers, smaller than 40 micrometers, smaller 50 micrometers, smaller than 60 micrometers, smaller than 70 micrometers, smaller than 80 micrometers, smaller than 90 micrometers, smaller than 100 micrometers, smaller than 110 micrometers, smaller than 120 micrometers, smaller than 130 micrometers, smaller than 140 micrometers, smaller than 150 micrometers, smaller than 160 micrometers, smaller than 170 micrometers, smaller than 180 micrometers smaller than 190 micrometers smaller than 200 micrometers smaller than 210 micrometers smaller than 220 micrometers smaller than 230 micrometers smaller than 240 micrometers smaller than 250 micrometers smaller than 260 micrometers smaller than 270 micrometers smaller than 280 micrometers smaller than 290 micrometers smaller than 300 micrometers smaller than 310 micrometers, smaller than 320 micrometers smaller than 330 micrometers smaller than 340 micrometers smaller than 350 micrometers smaller than 360 micrometers smaller than 370 micrometers smaller than 380 micrometers smaller than 390 micrometers smaller than 400 micrometers smaller than 410 micrometers smaller than 420 micrometers smaller than 430 micrometers smaller than 440 micrometers smaller than 450 micrometers smaller than 460 micrometers smaller than 470 micrometers smaller than 480 micrometers smaller than 490 micrometers smaller than 500 micrometers smaller than 510 micrometers smaller than 520 micrometers smaller than 530 micrometers smaller than 540 micrometers smaller than 550 micrometers smaller than 560 micrometers smaller than 570 micrometers smaller than 580 micrometers smaller than 590 micrometers smaller than 600 micrometers smaller than 610 micrometers smaller than 620 micrometers smaller than 630 micrometers smaller than 640 micrometers smaller than 650 micrometers smaller than 660 micrometers smaller than 670 micrometers smaller than 680 micrometers smaller than 690 micrometers smaller than 700 micrometers smaller than 710 micrometers smaller than 720 micrometers smaller than 730 micrometers smaller than 740 micrometers smaller than 750 micrometers smaller than 760 micrometers smaller than 770 micrometers smaller than 780 micrometers smaller than 790 micrometers smaller than 800 micrometers smaller than 810 micrometers smaller than 820 micrometers, smaller than 830 micrometers smaller than 840 micrometers smaller than 850 micrometers smaller than 860 micrometers smaller than 870 micrometers smaller than 880 micrometers smaller than 890 micrometers smaller than 900 micrometers smaller than 910 micrometers, smaller than 920 micrometers smaller than 930 micrometers smaller than 940 micrometers smaller than 950 micrometers smaller than 960 micrometers smaller than 970 micrometers smaller than 980 micrometers smaller than 990 micrometers or smaller than 1 millimeter.

[0021] Adhesive bonding can provide attachment of a biologically active ceramic to an article at various temperatures, including low bonding temperatures. For instance, the presence of an adhesive layer can provide attachment of a biologically active ceramic with temperatures from 1000 °C down to room temperature. In some cases, the adhesive bonding can occur at temperatures of less than 1000 °C, less than 990 °C, less than 980 °C, less than 970 °C, less than 960 °C, less than 950 °C, less than 940 °C, less than 930 °C, less than 920 °C, less than 910 °C, less than 900 °C, less than 890 °C, less than 880 °C, less than 870 °C, less than 860 °C, less than 850 °C, less than 840 °C, less than 830 °C, less than 820 °C, less than 810 °C, less than 800 °C, less than 790 °C, less than 780 °C, less than 770 °C, less than 760 °C, less than 750 °C, less than 740 °C, less than 730 °C, less than 720 °C, less than 710 °C, less than 700 °C, less than 690 °C, less than 680 °C, less than 670 °C, less than 660 °C, less than 650 °C, less than 640 °C, less than 630 °C, less than 620 °C, less than 610 °C, less than 600 °C, less than 590 °C, less than 580 °C, less than 570 °C, less than 560 °C, less than 550 °C, less than 540 °C, less than 530 °C, less than 520 °C, less than 510 °C, less than 500 °C, less than 490 °C, less than 480 °C, less than 470 °C, less than 460 °C, less than 450 °C, less than 440 °C, less than 430 °C, less than 420 °C, less than 410 °C, less than 400 °C, less than 390 °C, less than 380 °C, less than 370 °C, less than 360 °C, less than 350 °C, less than 340 °C, less than 330 °C, less than 320 °C, less than 310 °C, less than 300 °C, less than 290 °C, less than 280 °C, less than 270 °C, less than 260 °C, less than 250 °C, less than 240 °C, less than 230 °C, less than 220 °C, less than 210 °C, less than 200 °C, less than 190 °C, less than 180 °C, less than 170 °C, less than 160 °C, less than 150 °C, less than 140 °C, less than 130 °C, less than 120 °C, less than 110 °C, or less than 100 °C.

[0022] The bonding strength between the biologically active ceramic and the article can be influenced based on the amount of pressure applied. In some cases, a heat press is used to apply between 10 PSI (pounds per square inch) to 100 PSI, 10 PSI to 90 PSI, 10 PSI to 80 PSI, 10 PSI to 70 PSI, 10 PSI to 60 PSI, 10 PSI to 50 PSI, 10 PSI to 40 PSI, 10 PSI to 30 PSI, 10 PSI to 20 PSI, between 20 PSI and 80 PSI, or between 30 PSI and 40 PSI.

[0023] The bonding strength between the biologically active ceramic and the article can also be influenced based the period of time where the heat and pressure where applied. In some cases, heat and pressure can be applied onto an article for less than 10 minutes, less than 9 minutes, less than 8 minutes, less than 7 minutes, less than 6 minutes, less than 5 minutes, less than 4 minutes, less than 3 minutes, less than 2 minutes, less than 1 minute, less than 50 seconds, less than 40 seconds, less than 30 seconds, less than 20 seconds, less than 15 seconds, or less than 10 seconds. In some cases, heat and pressure can be applied onto an article for about 1 second to about 2 seconds, for about 5 seconds to about 15 seconds, for about 10 seconds to about 20 seconds, for about 10 seconds to about 30 seconds or another suitable period of time.

[0024] Furthermore, the material can comprise two or more biologically active ceramics and/or the material can comprise an insulating layer. In the cases where the material comprises two or more biologically active ceramics, each biologically active ceramic layer can independently have the same, substantially the same, or a different composition of matter.

[0025] In some cases, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); b. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0026] In some cases, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0027] In some cases, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0028] In some cases, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); b. about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0029] In some cases, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0030] In some cases, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0031] In some cases, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); b. about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0032] In yet other cases, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0033] In yet other cases, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0034] In further or additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); b. about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0035] In further or additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0036] In further or additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises at least one biologically active ceramic layer, provided that the at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0037] In some embodiments, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0038] In some embodiments, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0039] In some embodiments, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic layer; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet. The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer.

[0040] The transfer material can optionally contain an adhesive layer and/or an insulating layer. In some embodiments, the biologically active ceramic comprises kaolinite in a range from about 45 wt % to about 55 wt %. In further or additional embodiments, the biologically active ceramic comprises kaolinite in the range from about 47 wt % to about 53 wt %. In further or additional embodiments, the biologically active ceramic contains kaolinite in a range from about 48 wt % to about 52 wt %.

Articles

[0041] Provided herein are thermal energetic methods of applying biologically active ceramics to an article. Thermal energy can be used alone, or in combination with pressure to incorporate a biologically active ceramic into an article. In one embodiment, the biologically active ceramic is applied with thermal energy as a layer onto at least a portion of the surface of the article (for example on the shoulder, elbow, wrists, lower back, pectoral area, abdomen, knees, or ankles of an article of clothing).

[0042] In some cases, the article is a polymeric fabric, such as polyester, cotton, or elastane. In some embodiments, the article comprises at least one elastomer. Elastomers include, but are not limited to, viscoelastic polymers, for example, natural rubbers, synthetic rubbers, rubbery, and rubber-like polymeric materials. One example of a synthetic rubber is polychloroprene

(Neoprene). In one embodiment, the elastomer is selected from polychloroprene, nylon, a polyvinyl chloride elastomer, a polystyrene elastomer, a polyethylene elastomer, a polypropylene elastomer, a polyvinyl butyral elastomer, silicone, a thermoplastic elastomer, and combinations thereof. In some cases, the article comprises at least one non-elastomer. In some embodiments, the article further comprises a polymer that is selected from the group consisting of

polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl butyral, polylactic acid, and combinations thereof. In other cases, the article comprises an elastomer that is selected from the group consisting of polychloroprene, nylon, a polyvinyl chloride elastomer, a polystyrene elastomer, a polyethylene elastomer, a polypropylene elastomer, a polyvinyl butyral elastomer, silicone, a thermoplastic elastomer, and combinations thereof.

[0043] Unsaturated rubbers are rubbers that can be cured by sulfur vulcanization. Non limiting examples of unsaturated rubbers include natural polyisoprene, synthetic polyisoprene, chloroprene, butyl rubber, halogenated butyl rubbers, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubbers.

[0044] Saturated rubbers are rubbers that cannot be cured by sulfur vulcanization. Non limiting examples of saturated rubbers include ethylene propylene rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, polyacriylic rubber, silicone rubber, fluorosilicone rubber, fluoroelastomers, perfluoroelastomers, polyether block amides, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate. [0045] Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are composite materials obtained from the combination of an elastomeric material and a thermoplastic material. TPEs are elastomeric materials that are dispersed and crosslinked in a continuous phase of a thermoplastic material.

[0046] In yet other cases, the article comprises a substrate selected from the group consisting of wool, silk, cotton, canvas, jute, glass, nylon, polyester, acrylic, elastane, polychloroprene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene-containing laminate fabrics, and combinations thereof. In still further or additional embodiments, provided is a thermal energetic method for attaching a biologically active ceramic to an article that further comprises a polygel.

[0047] A heat transfer method of the disclosure can be used to incorporate a biologically active ceramic on various types of articles or on a defined area of an article, such as, for example, the shoulders, elbows, writs, lower back, and pectoral area of a shirt; or an the knees and ankles of a pair of pants. In some cases, the article is an article of clothing, such as a shirt, a sleeve, shorts, pants, a sweater and other articles of clothing. In further or additional embodiments, the article is selected from the group consisting of apparel, jewelry, patches, pads, insoles, bedding, body supports, foam rollers, lotions, soaps, tape, glassware, furniture, paints, inks, labels, carpets, mats, food and/or beverage containers, drink koozies, headwear, footwear, earphones, and combinations thereof. In still further embodiments, the apparel comprises a wrist band, a pad, a knee bracelet, an ankle bracelet, a sleeve, or a patch. In some embodiments, the article comprises a surface, a sports surface, or artificial grass. A biologically active ceramic of the disclosure can be applied to an article and exposed to a skin of the subject directly or indirectly.

[0048] In one embodiment, the article is apparel selected from shirts, pants, shorts, dresses, skirts, jackets, hats, undergarments, socks, caps, gloves, scarves, diapers, and the like. In yet another embodiment, the article is jewelry selected from bracelets, necklaces, earrings, medallions, pendants, rings, and the like. In still another embodiment, the article is bedding selected from blankets, sheets, pillows, pillow cases, comforters, duvet covers, mattress covers, mattress pads, and the like. In another embodiment, the article is a body support selected from knee wraps, elbow supports, compression arm sleeves, compression leg sleeves, wrist wraps, and the like.

[0049] In some embodiments, the thermal energetic method of applying a biologically active ceramic of the disclosure to an article comprises mixing a biologically active ceramic with a polymer or with an ink. Various polymers can be mixed with a biologically active ceramic of the disclosure and applied to an article, including, for example, silicone, hydrogels such as crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(hydroxy ethylmethacrylate), acyl substituted cellulose acetates and alkyl derivatives thereof, partially and completely hydrolyzed alkylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, crosslinked homo- and copolymers of polyvinyl acetate, crosslinked polyesters of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid, polyvinyl alkyl ethers, polyvinyl fluoride, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polyamide, polysulphones, styrene acrylonitrile copolymers, crosslinked poly(ethylene oxide), poly(alkylenes), poly(vinyl imidazole), poly(esters), poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyphosphazenes, and chlorosulphonated

polyolefines, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments the polymer comprises ethylene vinyl acetate.

[0050] Further non-erodible materials suitable for inclusion in a apparel with a biologically active ceramic include, for example, proteins such as zein, resilin, collagen, gelatin, casein, silk, wool, polyesters, polyorthoesters, polyphosphoesters, polycarbonates, polyanhydrides, polyphosphazenes, polyoxalates, polyaminoacids, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyethyleneglycol, polyvinylacetate, polyhydroxyacids, polyanhydrides, hydrogels including poly(hydroxyethyl methylacrylate), polyethylene glycol, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), cellulose polyvinyl alcohol, silicone hydrogels, polyacrylamides, and polyacrylic acid.

[0051] In some embodiments, the thermal energetic method of applying a biologically active ceramic of the disclosure to an article comprises a silicon based approach. Silicones are typically inert synthetic compounds. A silicone coating is, for example, and ink, paint, oil, film, coat, grease, or resin that is silkscreened, sprayed, or otherwise directly applied to an article of the disclosure. In some cases, a silicone coating can be applied over a layer comprising a

biologically active ceramic.

Apparel

[0052] Cloth substrates useful herein include fabric or textile substrates prepared by any method known to one of skill in the cloth fabrication art. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, weaving, knitting, crocheting, felting, knotting, bonding, and the like. Suitable starting materials for the cloth substrates include natural or synthetic (e.g. polymeric) fibers and filaments. In one embodiment, the cloth substrate includes, but is not limited to, a material selected from wool, silk, cotton, canvas, jute, glass, nylon, polyester, acrylic, elastane, polychloroprene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene-containing laminate fabrics (e.g. Gore-Tex® fabric), and combinations thereof.

[0053] Virtually any article that a bioceramic composition can be applied to or incorporated within is suitable. In one embodiment, the article is selected from apparel (e.g. garments, such as: jewelry, patches (e.g. patches that are fabricated to adhere to skin, such as transdermal patches, transdermal hydrogel patches, etc.), adhesive tape, such as kinesio, non-adhesive tape, pads, insoles, performance sleeves, uniforms, casual/leisure wear, bedding, including sheet, mattresses, covers, pillows, and pillow cases, body supports, supports, foam rollers, lotions, soaps, tape, glassware, furniture, paints, inks, labels, carpets, mats, food and/or beverage containers, drink koozies (e.g. bottle or can), headwear (e.g. helmets, hats, etc.), footwear (e.g. shoes, sneakers, sandals, etc.), earphones, a surface, a sports surface, artificial grass, and the like.

[0054] In some embodiments, the apparel includes athletic apparel, sporting accessories, and sports equipment including, but not limited to, orthotic inserts, athletic shoes, uniforms, footwear, insoles, performance sleeves, diving suits, life preservers, shirts, shorts, wrist bands, arm bands, headwear (e.g. skull caps), head bands, gloves, jackets, pants, hats, and backpacks, skis, ski poles, snowboards, skateboards, in-line skates, bicycles, surf boards, water skis, jet skis, diving equipment, ropes, chains, goggles, and blankets. In some embodiments, the apparel is sporting accessories, including but not limited to blankets. In some embodiments, the apparel is configured for use in orthotic applications, including but not limited to orthotic inserts, shoes, and the like.

[0055] In another embodiment, the article is apparel selected from shirts, pants, shorts, dresses, skirts, jackets, hats, undergarments, socks, caps, gloves, scarves, diapers, and the like. In yet another embodiment, the article is jewelry selected from bracelets, necklaces, earrings, medallions, pendants, rings, and the like. In still another embodiment, the article is bedding selected from blankets, sheets, pillows, pillow cases, comforters, duvet covers, mattress covers, mattress pads, and the like. In another embodiment, the article is a body support selected from knee wraps, elbow supports, compression arm sleeves, compression leg sleeves, wrist wraps, and the like. In some embodiments, the apparel includes casual/leisure wear.

[0056] In further or additional embodiments, provided is an article that incorporates a bioceramic composition, or an article with a bioceramic applied to it, provided that the article is selected from the group consisting of apparel, jewelry, patches, pads, insoles, bedding, body supports, foam rollers, lotions, soaps, tape, glassware, furniture, paints, inks, labels, carpets, mats, food and/or beverage containers, drink koozies, headwear, footwear, earphones, and combinations thereof. In further or additional embodiments, the article comprises apparel such as clothing. In some embodiments, the apparel is a casual/leisure wear apparel. In some embodiments, the apparel is an athletic apparel. In some embodiments, the apparel comprises a shirt, a jacket, shorts, or trousers. In still further embodiments, the apparel comprises a wrist band, a pad, a knee bracelet, an ankle bracelet, a sleeve, a performance sleeve, headwear (e.g. skull cap), a patch, footwear, or insoles.

[0057] In some embodiments, the article is a surface, a sports surface, or artificial grass. Patterns

[0058] The methods of manufacture described herein can be used to apply a biologically active ceramic at a specific location within an apparel or throughout the apparel. For instance, a method of manufacture disclosed herein can be used to apply a biologically active ceramic to an inner side, to an outer side, or any inner/outer combination of an apparel.

[0059] In some embodiments, an apparel comprises about 5 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 10 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 15 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 20 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 25 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 30 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 35 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 40 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 45 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 50 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 55 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 60 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 65 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 70 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 75 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 80 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 85 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, about 90 % biologically active ceramic by total weight, or about 95% biologically active ceramic by total weight.

[0060] In some embodiments, a biologically active ceramic is applied to a portion or to the entire surface of apparel. In some cases, a biologically active ceramic is applied to greater than 1 % of the surface area, greater than 5 % of the surface area, greater than 10 % of the surface area, greater than 15 % of the surface area, greater than 20 % of the surface area, greater than 25 % of the surface area, greater than 30 % of the surface area, greater than 35 % of the surface area, greater than 40 % of the surface area, greater than 45 % of the surface area, greater than 50 % of the surface area, greater than 55 % of the surface area, greater than 60 % of the surface area, greater than 65 % of the surface area, greater than 70 % of the surface area, greater than 75 % of the surface area, greater than 80 % of the surface area, greater than 85 % of the surface area, greater than 90 % of the surface area, greater than 95 % of the surface area, or greater than 99 % of the surface area of an article.

[0061] In some cases, a biologically active ceramic is applied to no more than 1 % of the surface area, no more than 5 % of the surface area, no more than 10 % of the surface area, no more than 15 % of the surface area, no more than 20 % of the surface area, no more than 25 % of the surface area, no more than 30 % of the surface area, no more than 35 % of the surface area, no more than 40 % of the surface area, no more than 45 % of the surface area, no more than 50 % of the surface area, no more than 55 % of the surface area, no more than 60 % of the surface area, no more than 65 % of the surface area, no more than 70 % of the surface area, no more than 75 % of the surface area, no more than 80 % of the surface area, no more than 85 % of the surface area, no more than 90 % of the surface area, no more than 95 % of the surface area, or no more than 99 % of the surface area of an article.

[0062] In some cases, a biologically active ceramic is applied to about 1 % of the surface area, about 2 % of the surface area, about 3 % of the surface area, about 4 % of the surface area, about 5 % of the surface area, about 6 % of the surface area, about 7 % of the surface area, about 8 % of the surface area, about 9 % of the surface area, about 10 % of the surface area, about 11 % of the surface area, about 12 % of the surface area, about 13 % of the surface area, about 14 % of the surface area, about 15 % of the surface area, about 16 % of the surface area, about 17 % of the surface area, about 18 % of the surface area, about 19 % of the surface area, about 20 % of the surface area, about 21 % of the surface area, about 22 % of the surface area, about 23 % of the surface area, about 24 % of the surface area, about 25 % of the surface area, about 26 % of the surface area, about 27 % of the surface area, about 28 % of the surface area, about 29 % of the surface area, about 30 % of the surface area, about 31 % of the surface area, about 32 % of the surface area, about 33 % of the surface area, about 34 % of the surface area, about 35 % of the surface area, about 36 % of the surface area, about 37 % of the surface area, about 38 % of the surface area, about 39 % of the surface area, about 40 % of the surface area, about 41 % of the surface area, about 42 % of the surface area, about 43 % of the surface area, about 44 % of the surface area, about 45 % of the surface area, about 46 % of the surface area, about 47 % of the surface area, about 48 % of the surface area, about 49 % of the surface area, about 50 % of the surface area, about 51 % of the surface area, about 52 % of the surface area, about 53 % of the surface area, about 54 % of the surface area, about 55 % of the surface area, about 56 % of the surface area, about 57 % of the surface area, about 58 % of the surface area, about 59 % of the surface area, about 60 % of the surface area, about 61 % of the surface area, about 62 % of the surface area, about 63 % of the surface area, about 64 % of the surface area, about 65 % of the surface area, about 66 % of the surface area, about 67 % of the surface area, about 68 % of the surface area, about 69 % of the surface area, about 70 % of the surface area, about 71 % of the surface area, about 72 % of the surface area, about 73 % of the surface area, about 74 % of the surface area, about 75 % of the surface area, about 76 % of the surface area, about 77 % of the surface area, about 78 % of the surface area, about 79 % of the surface area, about 80 % of the surface area, about 81 % of the surface area, about 82 % of the surface area, about 83 % of the surface area, about 84 % of the surface area, about 85 % of the surface area, about 86 % of the surface area, about 87 % of the surface area, about 88 % of the surface area, about 89 % of the surface area, about 90 % of the surface area, about 91 % of the surface area, about 92 % of the surface area, about 93 % of the surface area, about 94 % of the surface area, about 95 % of the surface area, about 96 % of the surface area, about 97 % of the surface area, about 98 % of the surface area, about 99 % of the surface area, or about 100 % of the surface area of an article.

[0063] A biologically active ceramic may be added to an article in a variety of regular or irregular patterns, or provide solid coverage of a selected area. A biologically active ceramic pattern may cover the entirety of the surface of an apparel or a pattern may cover a portion of an apparel. A bioceramic pattern covering an apparel may have regions of discontinuity having a variety of shapes and sizes. For example, a pattern may be a honeycomb pattern (e.g., with hexagonal regions of discontinuity), a grid pattern (e.g., with square-shaped or rectangular regions of discontinuity), a random pattern (e.g., with regions of discontinuity distributed randomly), and so forth. In general, the regions of discontinuity may be distributed across the surface at intervals that are regularly spaced or not regularly spaced. The regions of discontinuity may be formed with a variety of regular or irregular shapes such as, for example, circular, half- circular, diamond-shaped, hexagonal, multi-lobal, octagonal, oval, pentagonal, rectangular, square- shaped, star-shaped, trapezoidal, triangular, wedge-shaped, and so forth. If desired, one or more regions of discontinuity may be shaped as logos, letters, or numbers. In some embodiments, the regions of discontinuity may have sizes of about 0.1mm, about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 10 mm, or other desired distance. In some embodiments, the regions of discontinuity may range from 0.1 mm to about 1 mm, from 1 mm to about 5 mm, from 1 mm to about 10 mm, from 1 mm to about 15 mm, from 1 mm to about 20 mm, from 1 mm to about 25 mm, from 1 mm to about 30 mm, or other desired distance. In general, the regions of discontinuity may have the same or different shapes or sizes.

[0064] A biologically active ceramic pattern may be applied as a coat covering an interior and/or an exterior surface of an article. A biologically active ceramic pattern may permeate a material, such as a fabric. A biologically active ceramic pattern may cover various portions of a fabric in a continuous, discontinuous, regular, or irregular pattern, or any combination thereof. A biologically active ceramic pattern may permeate less than 1%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%), less than 20%, less than 25%, less than 30%>, less than 35%, less than 40%, less than 45%, less than 50%, less than 55%, less than 60%, less than 65%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 95%, or less than 99%, of an interior surface of an article of apparel, an exterior surface of an article of apparel, or any combination thereof. Biologically Active Ceramic

[0065] An aspect of the disclosure provides a material comprising one or more biologically active ceramic layers. A material can comprise a plurality of ceramic layers. For instance, a material can comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or another suitable number of ceramic layers. Each ceramic layer can comprise the same, substantially the same, or a different composition of a biologically active ceramic.

[0066] In one embodiment, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0067] In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); an

e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0068] In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); an

e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0069] In one embodiment, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition. [0070] In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises: a. about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄); b. about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); an

e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0071] In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); an

e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0072] In one embodiment, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0073] In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); an

[0074] In another embodiment, the biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); an e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0075] In further or additional embodiments, provided is a biologically active ceramic layer, comprising:

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0076] In another embodiment, provided is a biologically active ceramic layer, comprising:

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition. In another embodiment provided is a biologically active ceramic layer, comprising:

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0077] In some embodiments, provided is a biologically active ceramic layer that comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0078] In other embodiments, provided is a biologically active ceramic layer that comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline; c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0079] In other embodiments, provided is a biologically active ceramic layer that comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

[0080] Another feature of the subject matter described herein is biologically active ceramic layers that include kaolinite. As used herein, the term "kaolinite" retains its meaning known in the mineral and gemstone arts. In some embodiments, the bioceramic composition comprises kaolinite in a range from about 1 wt % to 90 wt %. In some embodiments, the bioceramic composition comprises kaolinite in a range from about 20 wt % to 80 wt %. In some

embodiments, the bioceramic composition comprises kaolinite in a range from about 40 wt % to 60 wt %. In some embodiments, the bioceramic composition comprises kaolinite in a range from about 1 wt % to 90 wt %. In some embodiments, the bioceramic composition comprises kaolinite in a range from about 45 wt % to about 55 wt %. In further or additional embodiments, provided is a biologically active ceramic layer that comprises kaolinite in the range from about 47 wt % to about 53 wt %. In further or additional embodiments, provided is a bioceramic composition that contains kaolinite in a range from about 48 wt % to about 52 wt %. In further embodiments, provided is a bioceramic composition that contains kaolinite at about 50% wt %.

[0081] Another feature of the subject matter described herein is biologically active ceramic layers that include tourmaline. As used herein, the term "tourmaline" retains its meaning known in the mineral and gemstone arts. For example, tourmaline is a group of isomorphous minerals with an identical crystal lattice. Each member of the tourmaline group has its own chemical formula, due to small differences in their elemental distribution. For example, in some embodiments, the tourmaline has the following generic formula XiY₃Al₆(B0₃)₃Si60i₈(OH) _; where: X = Na and/or Ca and Y = Mg, Li, Al, and/or Fe²⁺' which is represented with the following formula, (Na,Ca)(Mg,Li,Al,Fe²⁺)₃Al₆(B0₃)₃Si₆Oi₈(OH)_4. [0082] In some embodiments, the Al may be replaced by other elements. For example, in Uvite, the Al is partially replaced by Mg which expands the formula to: (Na,Ca)(Mg,Li,Al,Fe²⁺)₃ (Al,Mg,Cr)₆(B0₃)₃Si₆Oi₈(OH)₄.

[0083] In some embodiments, the tourmaline is Buergente which contains three O atoms and one F atom in place of the OH radical. A Buergente molecule also contains an Fe atom that is in a 3+ oxidation state which is depicted as:

(Na,Ca)(Mg,Li,Al,Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺)₃(Al,Mg,Cr)₆(B0₃)₃Si₆Oi₈(OH,0,F)₄. In other embodiments, the tourmaline is one or more of the following:

• Schorl: NaFe²⁺ ₃Al₆(B0₃)₃Si₆Oi₈(OH)₄;

• Dravite: NaMg₃Al₆(B0₃)₃Si₆Oi₈(OH)₄;

• Elbaite: Na(Li,Al)₃Al₆(B0₃)₃Si₆Oi₈(OH)₄ ;

• Liddicoatite: Ca(Li,Al)₃Al₆(B0₃)₃Si₆Oi₈(OH)₄ ;

• Uvite: Ca(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃Al₅Mg(B0₃)₃Si₆0₁₈(OH)₄ ;

• Buergerite: NaFe³⁺ ₃Al₆(B0₃)₃Si₆Oi₈0₃F.

In one embodiment, the bioceramic composition tourmaline that comprises

NaFe²⁺ ₃Al₆Si₆Oi₈(B0₃)₃(OH) ₃OH.

[0084] Another aspect of the articles, compositions of matter, methods, devices, and systems described herein is a biologically active ceramic composition of micrometer particle size. For example, in some embodiments, provided is a bioceramic composition containing a largest dimension of any particle in the bioceramic of from about 0.1 micrometer (μιη) to about 250 micrometers. In further or additional embodiments, provided is a biologically active ceramic composition, provided that the largest dimension of any particle in the biologically active ceramic is from about 0.5 micrometers to about 25 micrometers. In some cases, a biologically active ceramic particle can have a diameter, or cross-sectional area, of about 0.1 μιη to about 1 μπι, of about Ο. ΐμιη to about 10 μπι, of about Ο. ΐμιη to about 20 μπι, of about Ο. ΐμιη to about 30 μπι, of about 0.1 μιη to about 40 μπι, of about 0.1 μιη to about 50 μπι, of about 0.1 μιη to about 60 μπι, of about 0.1 μιη to about 70 μπι, of about 0.1 μιη to about 80 μπι, of about 0.1 μιη to about 90 μπι, of about 0. Ιμπι to about 100 μπι, or other desired size. In some cases, an inlet can have a cross-sectional diameter of about 10 μιη to about 100 μπι, of about 10 μιη to about 200 μπι, of about 10 μπι to about 300 μπι, of about 10 μιη to about 400 μπι, of about 10 μιη to about 500 μπι, or other desired size.

[0085] In further or additional embodiments, provided is a biologically active ceramic material that can be specifically applied onto an article with thermal energetic method, wherein the biologically active ceramic comprises tourmaline, kaolinite, and at least one oxide. In some cases a biologically active ceramic of the disclosure comprises tourmaline, kaolinite, aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide. In some cases a biologically active ceramic of the disclosure comprises tourmaline, kaolinite, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, and one other oxide. In some cases, the other oxide is zirconium oxide. In some cases the other oxide is titanium dioxide (Ti0₂). In some cases the other oxide is magnesium oxide (MgO).

[0086] Kaolinite is a layered silicate mineral comprising oxides. In some cases, various oxides are comprised within the kaolinite. In some cases, a biologically active ceramic comprises additional oxides that are not part of the kaolinite. In some embodiments, a biologically active ceramic comprises one oxide, two oxides, three oxides, four oxides, five oxides, six oxides, seven oxides, eight oxides, nine oxides, ten oxides, eleven oxides, twelve oxides, or more oxides. In some cases, the additional oxides are highly refractory oxides.

[0087] In some embodiments, an oxide of a biologically active ceramic of the disclosure has various oxidation states. An oxide of the disclosure has an oxidation number of +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, or +8. In some cases a biologically active ceramic of the disclosure will have more than one oxide wherein at least one oxide has a different oxidation number as compared to the other oxide. For example, in some cases a bioceramic composition of the disclosure comprises an aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃) with a +2 or a +3 oxidation state, a silicon dioxide (Si0₂) with a +4 oxidation state, and a zirconium oxide (Zr0₂) with a +4 oxidation state.

[0088] Non-limiting examples of oxides with +1 oxidation state include: copper(I) oxide (Cu₂0), dicarbon monoxide (C₂0), dichlorine monoxide (C1₂0), lithium oxide (Li₂0), potassium oxide (K₂0), rubidium oxide (Rb₂0), silver oxide (Ag₂0), thallium(I) oxide (T1₂0), sodium oxide (Na₂0), or water (Hydrogen oxide) (H₂0).

[0089] Non-limiting examples of oxides with +2 oxidation state include: aluminum(II) oxide (AIO), barium oxide (BaO), beryllium oxide (BeO), cadmium oxide (CdO), calcium oxide (CaO), carbon monoxide (CO), chromium(II) oxide (CrO), cobalt(II) oxide (CoO), copper(II) oxide (CuO), iron(II) oxide (FeO), lead(II) oxide (PbO), magnesium oxide (MgO), mercury(II) oxide (HgO), nickel(II) oxide (NiO), nitric oxide (NO), palladium(II) oxide (PdO), strontium oxide (SrO), sulfur monoxide (SO), disulfur dioxide (S₂0₂), tin(II) oxide (SnO), titanium(II) oxide (TiO), vanadium(II) oxide (VO), or zinc oxide (ZnO).

[0090] Non-limiting examples of oxides with +3 oxidation states include: aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃), antimony trioxide (Sb₂0₃), arsenic trioxide (As₂0₃), bismuth(III) oxide (Bi₂0₃), boron trioxide (B₂0₃), chromium(III) oxide (Cr₂0₃), dinitrogen trioxide (N₂0₃), erbium(III) oxide (Er₂0₃), gadolinium(III) oxide (Gd₂0₃), gallium(III) oxide (Ga₂0₃), holmium(III) oxide (Ho₂0₃), indium(III) oxide (ln₂0₃), iron(III) oxide (Fe₂0₃), lanthanum oxide (La₂0₃), lutetium(III) oxide (Lu₂0₃), nickel(III) oxide (Ni₂0₃), phosphorus trioxide (P₄0₆), promethium(III) oxide (Pm₂0₃), rhodium(III) oxide (Rh₂0₃), samarium(III) oxide (Sm₂0₃), scandium oxide (Sc₂0₃), terbium(III) oxide (Tb₂0₃), thallium(III) oxide (T1₂0₃), thulium(III) oxide (Tm₂0₃), titanium(III) oxide (Ti₂0₃), tungsten(III) oxide (W₂0₃), vanadium(III) oxide (V₂0₃), ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb₂0₃), yttrium(III) oxide (Y₂0₃).

[0091] Non-limiting examples of oxides with +4 oxidation states include: carbon dioxide (C0₂), carbon trioxide (C0₃), cerium(IV) oxide (Ce0₂), chlorine dioxide (C10₂), chromium(IV) oxide (Cr0₂), dinitrogen tetroxide (N₂0₄), germanium dioxide (Ge0₂), hafnium(IV) oxide (Hf0₂), lead dioxide (Pb0₂), manganese dioxide (Mn0₂), nitrogen dioxide (N0₂), plutonium(IV) oxide (Pu0₂), rhodium(IV) oxide (Rh0₂), ruthenium(IV) oxide (Ru0₂), selenium dioxide (Se0₂), silicon dioxide (Si0₂), sulfur dioxide (S0₂), tellurium dioxide (Te0₂), thorium dioxide (Th0₂), tin dioxide (Sn0₂), titanium dioxide (Ti0₂), tungsten(IV) oxide (W0₂), uranium dioxide (U0₂), vanadium(IV) oxide (V0₂), or zirconium dioxide (Zr0₂).

[0092] Non-limiting examples of oxides with +5 oxidation states include: antimony pentoxide (Sb₂0₅), arsenic pentoxide (As₂0₅), dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂0₅), niobium pentoxide (Nb₂0₅), phosphorus pentoxide (P₂0₅), tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂0₅), or vanadium(V) oxide (V₂0₅). Non- limiting examples of oxides with +6 oxidation states include: chromium trioxide (Cr0₃), molybdenum trioxide (Mo0₃), rhenium trioxide (Re0₃), selenium trioxide (Se0₃), sulfur trioxide (S0₃), tellurium trioxide (Te0₃), tungsten trioxide (W0₃), uranium trioxide (U0₃), or xenon trioxide (Xe0₃).

[0093] Non-limiting examples of oxides with +7 oxidation states include: dichlorine heptoxide (C1₂0₇), manganese heptoxide (Mn₂0₇), rhenium(VII) oxide (Re₂0₇), or technetium(VII) oxide (Tc₂0₇). Non-limiting examples of oxides with +8 oxidation states include: osmium tetroxide (Os04), ruthenium tetroxide (Ru0₄), xenon tetroxide (Xe0₄), iridium tetroxide (Ir0₄), or hassium tetroxide (Hs0₄). Non-limiting examples of oxides with various states of oxidation include antimony tetroxide (Sb₂0₄), cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co₃0₄), iron(II,III) oxide (Fe₃0₄), lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb₃0₄), manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn₃0₄), or silver(I,III) oxide (AgO).

[0094] In further or additional embodiments a bioceramic composition of matter of the disclosure further comprises a metal. A metal can be in elemental form, such as a metal atom, or a metal ion. Non-limiting examples of metals include transition metals, main group metals, and metals of Group 3, Group 4, Group 5, Group 6, Group 7, Group 8, Group 9, Group 10, Group 11, Group 12, Group 13, Group 14, and Group 15 of the Periodic Table. Non-limiting examples of metal include scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, lanthanum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, tin, lead, and bismuth.

[0095] The proportion of minerals and oxides in a biologically active ceramic can optionally be altered depending on a number of variables, including, for example, the amount of thermal radiation, more specifically far infrared radiation, to be emitted, the disease or condition to be treated, the mode of administration, the requirements of the individual subject, the severity of the disease or condition being treated, or the judgment of a practitioner.

Physical Properties

[0096] Tourmaline and kaolinite have distinct granulometric, mineralogical, chemical, and physical properties depending on, for example, whether the minerals are extracted from a particular geographic region or whether the minerals are chemically synthesized. For instance, in many parts of the world a kaolinite has a pink-orange-red coloration that is associated with an amount of an impurity(ies). Often, the impurity(ies) comprises iron oxide. In some

embodiments, a kaolinite of the disclosure is of a high purity level, and it is characterized by a fine white color.

[0097] In some embodiments, a purity of the tourmaline or kaolinite is associated with an amount of infrared energy that is radiated from a biologically active ceramic. In some cases the kaolinite or tourmaline of a biologically active ceramic of the disclosure is greater than 99 % pure, greater than 98 % pure, greater than 97 % pure, greater than 96 % pure, greater than 95 % pure, greater than 94 % pure, greater than 93 % pure, greater than 92 % pure, greater than 91 % pure, greater than 90 % pure, greater than 89 % pure, greater than 88 % pure, greater than 87 % pure, greater than 86 % pure, greater than 85 % pure, greater than 80 % pure, greater than 75 % pure, greater than 70 % pure, greater than 65 % pure, greater than 60 % pure, or greater than 55 % pure.

[0098] In some embodiments, a granularity of a kaolinite or tourmaline is associated with an amount of infrared energy that is radiated from a biologically active ceramic. For instance, a biologically active ceramic comprising coarser-size mineral reflects a different amount of infrared energy as compared to a biologically active ceramic comprising finer-size minerals. In some embodiments, the granularity of a biologically active ceramic ranges from about 100 nanometers to about 0.1 micrometers, from about 100 nanometers to about 1 micrometer, from about 100 nanometers to about 10 micrometers, from about 100 nanometers to about 25 micrometers, from about 100 nanometers to about 50 micrometers, from about 100 nanometers to about 75 micrometers, from about 100 nanometers to about 100 micrometers, from about 100 nanometers to about 125 micrometers, from about 100 nanometers to about 150 micrometers, from about 100 nanometers to about 175 micrometers, from about 100 nanometers to about 200 micrometers, from about 100 nanometers to about 225 micrometers, or from about 100 nanometers to about 250 micrometers.

[0099] In some embodiments, the granularity of a biologically active ceramic ranges from about 0.5 micrometers to about 1 micrometer, from about 0.5 micrometers to about 10 micrometers, from about 0.5 micrometers to about 25 micrometers, from about 0.5 micrometers to about 50 micrometers, from about 0.5 micrometers to about 75 micrometers, from about 0.5 micrometers to about 100 micrometers, from about 0.5 micrometers to about 125 micrometers, from about 0.5 micrometers to about 150 micrometers, from about 0.5 micrometers to about 175 micrometers, from about 0.5 micrometers to about 200 micrometers, from about 0.5 micrometers to about 225 micrometers, or from about 0.5 micrometers to about 250 micrometers.

Far-Infrared Emittance, Transmission, and Reflection

[00100] Yet another aspect of the articles, compositions of matter, methods, and kits described herein is a biologically active ceramic that emits, transmits, and/or reflects an infrared wavelength when heated or exposed to heat. In some embodiments, provided is a thermal energetic method of attaching a biologically active ceramic to an article. In some embodiments, provided is a biologically active ceramic that absorbs, stores, and/or reflects thermal energy, such as far infrared energy or rays. In some embodiments, provided is a biologically active ceramic that emits, transmits, or reflects an infrared wavelength that is far infrared and that comprises a wavelength from about 1 micrometer to about 1 millimeter. In further or additional

embodiments, provided is a thermal energetic method for attaching a biologically active ceramic that emits, transmits, or reflects an infrared wavelength that is from about 3 micrometers to about 15 micrometers onto an article. In further or additional embodiments, described herein is a biologically active ceramic that provides a reflectance of the bioceramic at a room temperature of 25°C of at least 80% in an infrared range between about 7 micrometers and about 12

micrometers.

[00101] The material emissivity of a biologically active ceramic can be measured with, for example, a calorimeter or a Flir thermographic camera. A calorimeter can be used to measure the amount of thermal energy that can be received, store, and/or release by an apparel comprising a biologically active ceramic. A Flir thermographic camera can create a thermal image of various types of apparel comprising a biologically active ceramic of the disclosure. A Flir thermographic camera can detect up to thousands of measurement points in each thermal image and provide emissivity data for each image. [00102] A biologically active ceramic layer of the disclosure is formulated to have desired refractory properties. In some embodiments each biologically active ceramic of the disclosure independently reflects about 99 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 98 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 97 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 96 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 95 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 94 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 93 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 92 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 91 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 90 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 89 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 88 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 87 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 86 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 85 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 84 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 83 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 82 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 81 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 80 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 79 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 78 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 77 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 76 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 75 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 74 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 73 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 72 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 71 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 70 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 65 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 60 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 55 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 50 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 45 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 40 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 35 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 30 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 25% of the infrared energy or rays received, about 20 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 15 % of the infrared energy or rays received, about 10 % of the infrared energy or rays received, or about 5 % of the infrared energy or rays received.

[00103] In some cases a biologically active ceramic layer of the disclosure reflects greater than 99 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 98 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 97 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 96 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 95 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 94 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 93 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 92 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 91 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 90 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 89 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 88 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 87 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 86 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 85 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 84 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 83 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 82 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 81 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 80 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 79 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 78 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 77 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 76 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 75 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 74 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 73 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 72 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 71 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 70 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 65 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 60 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 55 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 50 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 45 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 40 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 35 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 30 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 25% of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 20 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 15 % of the infrared energy or rays received, greater than 10 % of the infrared energy or rays received, or greater than 5 % of the infrared energy or rays received.

[00104] In some cases a biologically active ceramic layer of the disclosure reflects fewer than 99 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 98 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 97 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 96 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 95 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 94 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 93 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 92 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 91 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 90 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 89 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 88 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 87 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 86 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 85 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 84 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 83 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 82 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 81 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 80 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 79 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 78 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 77 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 76 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 75 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 74 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 73 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 72 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 71 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 70 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 65 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 60 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 55 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 50 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 45 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 40 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 35 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 30 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 25% of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 20 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 15 % of the infrared energy or rays received, fewer than 10 % of the infrared energy or rays received, or fewer than 5 % of the infrared energy or rays received.

[00105] In some embodiments, the bioceramic reflects far infrared energy towards the body of a subject and in some embodiments the bioceramic reflects far infrared energy away from the body of the subject. A bioceramic can provide a cooling effect when it reflects infrared energy away from the body. In some embodiments a bioceramic is adjacent to or near an insulator. In some embodiments, an article comprising an insulated bioceramic provides a cooling effect to a subject, provided that when heated or exposed to heat, the bioceramic reflects the far infrared rays away from the subject.

[00106] In some embodiments, an apparel of the disclosure comprises an insulator layer that is in contact with or is adjacent to a biologically active ceramic layer. In some embodiments, the bioceramic layer is between an article and the person wearing the article. In some

embodiments, article is between the bioceramic layer and the person wearing the article. In some embodiments, the insulating layer is the closest layer to the person wearing the article. In some embodiments, the insulating layer is the farthest layer to the person wearing the article. In some embodiments, the insulating layer is neither the closest nor the farthest layer to the person wearing the article. The insulator layer can be used in embodiments where the apparel comprising the bioceramic is fabricated to reflect far infrared energy away from the body of a subject. In some embodiments, the insulator is a material of low thermal conductivity and prevents far infrared energy from being reflected in a direction. In some cases, the insulating layer comprises an aluminum foil type layer. In some cases, the insulating layer comprises carbon. Different types of materials can be used to reflect infrared, non-limiting examples of insulators include carbon, rubber, glass, paper, plastic, wood, cloth, foil, or Styrofoam. [00107] An apparel of the disclosure can provide a therapeutically-effective amount of infrared to a subject. In some cases the apparel is a shirt comprising a biologically active ceramic, and when exposed to heat, the shirt comprising the bioceramic provides at least 1.5 joules/cm² of far infrared rays to a subject. In some cases the apparel is athletic apparel, a sporting accessory, or a sports equipment including, but not limited to, orthotic inserts, athletic shoes, diving suits, life preservers, shirts, shorts, wrist bands, arm bands, head bands, gloves, jackets, pants, hats, and backpacks, skis, ski poles, snowboards, skateboards, in-line skates, bicycles, surfboards, water skis, jet skis, diving equipment, ropes, chains, goggles, and/or blankets. In some embodiments, the apparel is a sporting accessory, including but not limited to a blanket. In some embodiments, the apparel is configured for use in orthotic applications, including but not limited to orthotic inserts, shoes, and the like. In some cases the apparel is a patch (e.g. a patch that is fabricated to adhere to skin or not, such as transdermal patches, transdermal hydrogel patches, etc.), adhesive tape, such as kinesio tape, non-adhesive tape, pads, insoles, bedding, including a sheet, a mattress, a cover, a pillow, and/or a pillow case, a body support, a foam roller, a lotion, a soap, tape, glassware, furniture, paint, ink, a label, carpet, a mat, a food and/or beverage container, a drink koozie (e.g. bottle or can), headwear (e.g. a helmet, a hat, etc.), footwear (e.g. a shoe, sneaker, sandal, etc.), an earphone, a surface, a sports surface, an artificial grass, and the like. In some cases, the apparel is a shirt, a pant, a short, dresses, a skirt, j acket, a hat, an undergarment, a sock, a cap, a glove, a scarf, a diaper, a blanket, a comforter, a duvet cover, a mattress cover, a mattress pad, and the like. In another

embodiment, the article is a body support selected from a knee wrap, an elbow support, a compression arm sleeve, a compression leg sleeve, a wrist wrap, and the like.

[00108] In some embodiments, the subject matter described herein provides from 1 joule/cm² to 45 joules/cm², from 2-10 joules/cm², or from 4-6 joules/cm² of far infra-red energy rays or rays to a subject. In certain embodiments, the bioceramic formulation that provides at least 1 joule/cm 2 , 1.5 joules/cm 2 , at least 2 joules/cm 2 , at least 3 joules/cm 2 , at least 4 joules/cm 2 , at least 5 joules/cm², at least 6 joules/cm², at least 7 joules/cm², at least 8 joules/cm², at least 9 joules/cm², at least 10 joules/cm², at least 11 joules/cm², at least 12 joules/cm², at least 13 joules/cm², at least 14 joules/cm², at least 15 joules/cm², at least 16 joules/cm², at least 17 joules/cm², at least 18 joules/cm², at least 19 joules/cm², at least 20 joules/cm², at least 21 joules/cm², at least 22 joules/cm², at least 23 joules/cm², at least 24 joules/cm², at least 25 joules/cm², at least 26 joules/cm², at least 27 joules/cm², at least 28 joules/cm², at least 29 joules/cm², at least 30 joules/cm², at least 31 joules/cm², at least 32 joules/cm², at least 33 joules/cm², at least 34 joules/cm², at least 35 joules/cm², at least 36 joules/cm², at least 37 joules/cm², at least 38 joules/cm², at least 39 joules/cm², at least 40 joules/cm², at least 41 joules/cm², at least 42 joules/cm², at least 43 joules/cm², at least 44 joules/cm², or about 45 joules/cm² of far infrared energy or rays to a subject.

[00109] In some cases, an apparel of the disclosure can provide at most 1.5 joules/cm², at most 2 joules/cm², at most 3 joules/cm², at most 4 joules/cm², at most 5 joules/cm², at most 6 joules/cm², at most 7 joules/cm², at most 8 joules/cm², at most 9 joules/cm², at most 10 joules/cm², at most 11 joules/cm², at most 12 joules/cm², at most 13 joules/cm², at most 14 joules/cm², at most 15 joules/cm², at most 16 joules/cm², at most 17 joules/cm², at most 18 joules/cm², at most 19 joules/cm², at most 20 joules/cm², at most 21 joules/cm², at most 22 joules/cm², at most 23 joules/cm², at most 24 joules/cm², at most 25 joules/cm², at most 26 joules/cm², at most 27 joules/cm², at most 28 joules/cm², at most 29 joules/cm², at most 30 joules/cm², at most 31 joules/cm², at most 32 joules/cm², at most 33 joules/cm², at most 34 joules/cm², at most 35 joules/cm², at most 36 joules/cm², at most 37 joules/cm², at most 38 joules/cm², at most 39 joules/cm², at most 40 joules/cm², at most 41 joules/cm², at most 42 joules/cm², at most 43 joules/cm², at most 44 joules/cm², or at most 45 joules/cm² of far infrared energy or rays to a subject.

[00110] In some cases, an apparel of the disclosure provides between 1.5 joules/cm² and 45 joules/cm², between 1.5 joules/cm² and 40 joules/cm², between 1.5 joules/cm² and 35 joules/cm 2 , between 1.5 joules/cm 2 and 30 joules/cm 2 , between 1.5 joules/cm 2 and 25 joules/cm 2 , between 1.5 joules/cm² and 20 joules/cm², between 1.5 joules/cm² and 15 joules/cm², between

1.5 joules/cm 2 and 10 joules/cm 2 , between 1.5 joules/cm 2 and 5 joules/cm 2 , between 2 joules/cm 2 and 45 joules/cm², between 2 joules/cm² and 40 joules/cm², between 2 joules/cm² and 35 joules/cm 2 , between 2 joules/cm 2 and 30 joules/cm 2 , between 2 joules/cm 2 and 25 joules/cm 2 , between 2 joules/cm² and 20 joules/cm², between 2 joules/cm² and 15 joules/cm², between 2 joules/cm² and 10 joules/cm², between 2 joules/cm² and 5 joules/cm² of far infrared energy or rays to a subject. In some cases, the apparatus is a shirt, and the shirt provides at most 45 joules/cm² of far infrared energy or rays to a subject.

[00111] Infrared energy can be absorbed, reflected, or emitted by molecules. In many cases, the thermal radiation emitted by objects on or near room temperature (approximately 25°C) is infrared.

[00112] For example, in certain applications of the subject matter described herein, infrared energy is emitted or absorbed by molecules upon a rotational and/or vibrational movements. In certain embodiments, the bioceramic materials provided herein provides infrared energy elicits vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment. In some embodiments, absorption of heat by a bioceramic of the instant disclosure elicits vibrational modes in at least one molecule of the bioceramic through changes in the dipole moment. Further, infrared energy from the thermal radiation, in certain embodiments, is absorbed and reflected by molecules in the bioceramic when they change their rotational-vibrational energy. In further or additional embodiments, provided herein are bioceramics that comprise a formulation of a ceramic material and vibrational technology that provides enhanced bio-modulatory properties when in contact with or applied to a subject, including as one example a human subject.

[00113] The following non-limiting examples serves to further illustrate the present invention.

EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1: Preparation of a bioceramic powder composition

[00114] The kaolinite is extracted in the outskirts of the city of Parintins, in the Amazon

State, Brazil. The city is located in the Lower Amazon Region (coordinates: latitude: 2° 37' 42" south / longitude: 56° 44' 11 " west of Greenwich, 50 m above sea level). Alternatively, the kaolinite is obtained by purchasing it from a mining company/supplier.

[00115] The extracted kaolinite is washed with hydrogen peroxide (H₂0₂) and allowed to dry. The dried kaolinite is then finely ground and mixed with tourmaline; aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and zirconium oxide (Zr0₂) until a homogeneous mixture is achieved. The resulting bioceramic composition contains 50 wt % kaolinite, 10 wt % tourmaline, 18 wt % aluminum oxide, 14 wt % silicon dioxide, and 8 wt % zirconium oxide.

[00116] Alternatively, the extracted kaolinite is washed with hydrogen peroxide (H₂0₂) and allowed to dry. The dried kaolinite is then finely ground and mixed with tourmaline;

aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and titanium dioxide (Ti0₂) until a

homogeneous mixture is achieved. The resulting bioceramic composition contains 50 wt % kaolinite, 10 wt % tourmaline, 18 wt % aluminum oxide, 14 wt % silicon dioxide, and 8 wt % titanium dioxide.

[00117] Alternatively, the extracted kaolinite is washed with hydrogen peroxide (H₂0₂) and allowed to dry. The dried kaolinite is then finely ground and mixed with tourmaline;

aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and magnesium oxide (MgO) until a

homogeneous mixture is achieved. The resulting bioceramic composition contains 50 wt % kaolinite, 10 wt % tourmaline, 18 wt % aluminum oxide, 14 wt % silicon dioxide, and 8 wt % magnesium oxide.

[00118] A bioceramic composition was also synthesized. The resulting bioceramic contains any composition described herein, including about 50 % kaolinite, about 10 % tourmaline, about 18 % aluminum oxide, about 14 % silicon dioxide, and about 8 % zirconium oxide.

[00119] Additionally, a bioceramic composition was also synthesized. The resulting bioceramic contains any composition described herein, including about 50 % kaolinite, about 10 % tourmaline, about 18 % aluminum oxide, about 14 % silicon dioxide, and about 8 % titanium dioxide.

[00120] Additionally, a bioceramic composition was also synthesized. The resulting bioceramic contains any composition described herein, including about 50 % kaolinite, about 10 % tourmaline, about 18 % aluminum oxide, about 14 % silicon dioxide, and about 8 %

magnesium dioxide.

EXAMPLE 2: Heat Transfer Method

[00121] A biologically active ceramic of the disclosure is a refractory, inorganic, polycrystalline composition that can be reduced to powdered format by grinding, crushing, or another suitable method. In powder form, a biologically active ceramic is molded into a flat, single layered sheet. A second layer comprising a heat-sensitive adhesive is contacted with one surface of the biologically active ceramic. Optionally, a third layer comprising an insulator is contacted with the other surface of the biologically active ceramic. FIG. 2 represents a thermal energetic method of applying a material comprising a biologically active ceramic to an apparel. 201 illustrates a material comprising an adhesive layer 204, a biologically active ceramic layer 205, and an insulating layer 206.

[00122] In step 202, a fabric substrate that includes 88 wt % polyamide and 12 wt % elastane is obtained. The material described in 202 is contacted with the fabric substrate, such that the adhesive layer 204 contacts the fabric substrate. Heat is applied to the material, wherein the heat has a temperature of less than 500° F for a period of time of less than a minute 202. The material comprising a biologically active ceramic and an insulating layer is thereby successfully applied to the cloth 203 (represented by a shirt 207 and athletic pants 307).

EXAMPLE 3: Heat Transfer Method

[00123] A heat transfer method is used to attach a biologically active ceramic to a shirt with a desired pattern. A transfer sheet comprising a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer is contacted with a shirt. The (a) Film: FX-TF-WB-91M; (b) Ink: FX inks (FX- WB); and (c) Composition: FX-WB (67%) and biologically active ceramics (33%).

[00124] The Heat Transfer FX machine is used to apply heat and pressure onto the material thereby transferring the biologically active ceramic onto the article. Briefly, heat transfer printing is conducted in a screen #9 with the following settings: (a) Temperature: 300 °F (148 °C); (b) Dwell time: 7 seconds; (c) Pressure: 40 PSI; (d) Cool peel. Figure 1 illustrates a shirt comprising a biologically active ceramic that was produced with a heat transfer method.

EXAMPLE 4: Heat Transfer Method

[00125] A heat transfer method is used to attach a biologically active ceramic to a shirt with a desired pattern. A transfer sheet comprising a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer is contacted with a shirt. The (a) Film: FX-TF-WB-91M; (b) Ink: FX inks (FX- WB); and (c) Composition: FX-WB (67%) and biologically active ceramics (33%).

[00126] The Heat Transfer FX machine is used to apply heat and pressure onto the material thereby transferring the biologically active ceramic onto the article. Briefly, heat transfer printing is conducted in a screen #9 with the following settings: (a) Temperature: 340 °F (171 °C); (b) Dwell time: 7 seconds; (c) Pressure: 40 PSI; (d) Cool peel. Figure 1 illustrates a shirt comprising a biologically active ceramic that was produced with a heat transfer method.

EXAMPLE 5: Heat Transfer Method

[00127] A heat transfer method is used to attach a biologically active ceramic to a shirt with a desired pattern. A transfer sheet comprising a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer is contacted with a shirt. The (a) Film: heat transfer paper; (b) Ink: heat transfer ink; in which the Composition is 67% heat transfer ink and 33% biologically active ceramics.

[00128] The heat press machine is used to apply heat and pressure onto the material thereby transferring the biologically active ceramic onto the article. Briefly, heat transfer printing is conducted with the following settings: (a) Temperature: 360-370 °F (b) Dwell time: 3- 5 seconds; (c) Pressure: 60-80 PSI; (d) hot peel.

EXAMPLE 6: Heat Transfer Method

[00129] A heat transfer method is used to attach a biologically active ceramic to a shirt with a desired pattern. A transfer sheet comprising a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer is contacted with a shirt. The (a) Film: heat transfer paper; (b) Ink: heat transfer ink; in which the Composition is 67% heat transfer ink and 33% biologically active ceramics.

[00130] The heat press machine is used to apply heat and pressure onto the material thereby transferring the biologically active ceramic onto the article. Briefly, heat transfer printing is conducted with the following settings: (a) Temperature: 340°F (b) Dwell time: 10 seconds; (c) Pressure: 60-80 PSI; (d) warm peel. EXAMPLE 7: Heat Transfer Method

[00131] A heat transfer method is used to attach a biologically active ceramic to a shirt with a desired pattern. A transfer sheet comprising a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer is contacted with a shirt. The (a) Film: heat transfer paper; (b) Ink: heat transfer ink; in which the Composition is 67% heat transfer ink and 33% biologically active ceramics.

[00132] The heat press machine is used to apply heat and pressure onto the material thereby transferring the biologically active ceramic onto the article. Briefly, heat transfer printing is conducted with the following settings: (a) Temperature: 300°F (b) Dwell time: 15 seconds; (c) Pressure: 60-80 PSI; (d) cold peel.

EXAMPLE 8: Heat Transfer Method

[00133] A heat transfer method is used to attach a biologically active ceramic to a shirt with a desired pattern. A transfer sheet comprising a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer is contacted with a shirt. The (a) Film: heat transfer paper; (b) Ink: heat transfer ink; in which the Composition is 70% heat transfer ink and 30% biologically active ceramics.

[00134] The heat press machine is used to apply heat and pressure onto the material thereby transferring the biologically active ceramic onto the article. Briefly, heat transfer printing is conducted with the following settings: (a) Temperature: 360-370 °F (b) Dwell time: 8- 10 seconds; (c) Pressure: 60-80 PSI; (d) hot peel.

EXAMPLE 9: Heat Transfer Method

[00135] A heat transfer method is used to attach a biologically active ceramic to a shirt with a desired pattern. A transfer sheet comprising a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer is contacted with a shirt. The (a) Film: heat transfer paper; (b) Ink: heat transfer ink; in which the Composition is 67% heat transfer ink and 33% biologically active ceramics.

[00136] The heat press machine is used to apply heat and pressure onto the material thereby transferring the biologically active ceramic onto the article. Briefly, heat transfer printing is conducted with the following settings: (a) Temperature: 350 °F (b) Dwell time: 15 seconds; (c) Pressure: 60-80 PSI; (d) hot peel.

EXAMPLE 10: Heat Transfer Method

[00137] A heat transfer method is used to attach a biologically active ceramic to a shirt with a desired pattern. A transfer sheet comprising a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer is contacted with a shirt. The (a) Film: heat transfer paper; (b) Ink: heat transfer ink; in which the Composition is 67% heat transfer ink and 33% biologically active ceramics. [00138] The heat press machine is used to apply heat and pressure onto the material thereby transferring the biologically active ceramic onto the article. Briefly, heat transfer printing is conducted with the following settings: (a) Temperature: 275 °F (b) Dwell time: 10 seconds; (c) Pressure: 60-80 PSI; (d) warm peel.

EXAMPLE 11: Heat Transfer Method

[00139] A heat transfer method is used to attach a biologically active ceramic to a shirt with a desired pattern. A transfer sheet comprising a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer is contacted with a shirt. The (a) Film: heat transfer paper; (b) Ink: heat transfer ink; in which the Composition is 60% heat transfer ink and 40% biologically active ceramics.

[00140] The heat press machine is used to apply heat and pressure onto the material thereby transferring the biologically active ceramic onto the article. Briefly, heat transfer printing is conducted with the following settings: (a) Temperature: 400 °F (b) Dwell time: 30 seconds; (c) Pressure: 40-60 PSI; (d) hot peel.

EXAMPLE 12: Far Infrared Energy Emitted by Biologically Active Ceramics Applied to a Fabric with Thermal Energetic Methods

[00141] Objective: This study is designed to evaluate the effect(s) of far infrared energy emitted by the biologically active ceramic layer that is applied to a fabric with a Thermal Energetic Method.

[00142] Methods: Experiments will be conducted with male Swiss mice (30-35g) after approval of the University of South of Santa Catarina Ethics Committee. The animals will undergo intraplantar injection of Freud's complete adjuvant (CFA, 20 μΐ - 70%) and be exposed to the fabric comprising the biologically active ceramic layer for a defined period of time.

Briefly, a fabric comprising a biologically active ceramic will be placed inside the animals' box. After 24 h of exposure to the product, mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia will be assessed as response frequency to 10 presentations of a 0.4g von frey filament or by hot stimuli applied to the animals right hind paw (Hot Plate Method). Evaluations will be performed daily for 10 days. After evaluation, the animals will be placed in their boxes and re-exposed to the fabric until the subsequent evaluation (24 hours later). In addition, edema formation and hind paw temperature will be evaluated on experimental days 1, 3, and 10 with a micrometer and a digital thermometer, respectively. Control animals will be placed on sham cloth (fabric alone) and undergo the same experimental protocol.

[00143] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method of applying a material to an article, provided that the material comprises a biologically active ceramic layer and an adhesive layer, wherein the adhesive layer is contacted with the article; and wherein upon application of heat to the material the biologically active ceramic is applied onto the article.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the biologically active ceramic layer and the adhesive layer comprise a transfer paper.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the article comprises fabric.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the fabric comprises a polymeric fabric.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the polymeric fabric comprises polyester, cotton, or elastane.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the polymeric fabric comprises elastane.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein an elastomer for the elastane fabric comprises neoprene, polychloroprene, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl butyral, silicone, a thermoplastic elastomer, or combinations thereof.

8. The method of claim 3, wherein the fabric comprises a non-elastomer.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the non-elastomer comprises

polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polacrylonitrile, polyvinyl butyral, polylactic acid, or combinations thereof.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the article comprises wool, silk, cotton, canvas, jute, glass, nylon, polyester, acrylic, elastane, polychloroprene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene- containing laminate fabrics, polygels, or combinations thereof.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the article comprises apparel, jewelry, patches, pads, insoles, bedding, body supports, foam rollers, lotions, soaps, tape, glassware, furniture, paints, inks, labels, carpets, mats, food and/or beverage containers, drink koozies, headwear, footwear, earphones, or combinations thereof.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the apparel comprises shirts, pants, shorts, dresses, skirts, jackets, hats, undergarments, socks, caps, gloves, scarves, wrist bands, knee bands, ankle bands, and compression sleeves.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the bedding comprises blankets, sheets, pillows, pillow cases, comforters, duvet covers, mattress covers, mattress pads, and the like.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein the body supports comprise patches, pads, adhesive tape, non-adhesive tape, insoles, and compression sleeves.

15. The method of claim 1, provided that two or more biologically active ceramic layers are applied onto the article.

16. The method of claim 1, provided that two or more biologically active ceramic layers have different compositions.

17. The method of claim 1, provided that two or more biologically active ceramic layers have the same composition.

18. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises: about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄) and about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % tourmaline.

19. The method of claim 18, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises: about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄), about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % tourmaline, and at least one oxide.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one oxide is comprises zirconium oxide, titanium dioxide, or magnesium oxide.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one oxide comprises zirconium oxide.

22. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one oxide comprises titanium dioxide.

23. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one oxide comprises magnesium oxide.

24. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 90 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. up to about 90 wt % tourmaline;

c. up to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 90 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

25. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 90 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. up to about 90 wt % tourmaline;

c. up to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 90 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

26. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 90 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. up to about 90 wt % tourmaline;

c. up to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 90 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

27. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

28. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

29. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

30. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. up to about 30 wt % tourmaline;

c. up to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

31. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. up to about 30 wt % tourmaline;

c. up to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

32. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. up to about 30 wt % tourmaline;

c. up to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

33. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

34. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

35. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 1 wt % to about 30 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition.

36. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. up to about 25 wt % tourmaline;

c. up to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂).

37. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. up to about 25 wt % tourmaline;

c. up to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂).

38. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. up to about 25 wt % tourmaline; c. up to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (Mg0₂).

39. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂).

40. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂).

41. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (Mg0₂).

42. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH) );

b. up to about 15 wt % tourmaline;

c. up to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂).

43. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH) ); b. up to about 15 wt % tourmaline;

c. up to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂).

44. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. up to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. up to about 15 wt % tourmaline;

c. up to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. up to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. up to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (Mg0₂).

45. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂).

46. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂).

47. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (Mg0₂).

48. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂).

49. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂).

50. The method of claim 1, provided that at least one biologically active ceramic layer comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % magnesium oxide (Mg0₂).

51. The method of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is organic.

52. The method of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is inorganic.

53. The method of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is soluble.

54. The method of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is insoluble.

55. The method of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is heat sensitive glue.

56. The method of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer comprises multiple reagents.

57. The method of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer further comprises a tacky layer and a release paper.

58. The method of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is not tacky at room temperature.

59. The method of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is tacky at room temperature.

60. The method of claim 1, provided that the material further comprises an insulating layer.

61. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises carbon.

62. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises aluminum foil.

63. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises aluminized cloth.

64. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises aluminum powder.

65. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises copper.

66. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises silver.

67. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises fiberglass.

68. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises glass wool.

69. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises cellulose.

70. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises rock wool.

71. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises polystyrene foam.

72. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises urethane foam.

73. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises vermiculite.

74. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises perlite.

75. The method of claim 60, provided that the insulating layer comprises cork.

76. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 1000° F.

77. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 900° F.

78. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 800° F.

79. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 700° F.

80. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 600° F.

81. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 500° F.

82. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 400° F.

83. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 390° F.

84. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 380° F.

85. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 370° F.

86. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 360° F.

87. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 350° F.

88. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 340° F.

89. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 330° F.

90. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 320° F.

91. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 310° F.

92. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 300° F.

93. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 290° F.

94. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 280° F.

95. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 270° F.

96. The method of claim 1, provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 260° F.

97. The method of claim provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 250° F.

98. The method of claim provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 240° F.

99. The method of claim provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 230° F.

100. The method of claim provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 220° F.

101. The method of claim provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 210° F.

102. The method of claim provided that the heat has a temperature of less than 200° F.

103. The method of claim provided that the heat is applied for a time period of about 1 second to 5 minutes.

104. The method of claim provided that the heat is applied for a time period of about 1 second to 1 minute.

105. The method of claim provided that the heat is applied for a time period of about 1 second to 30 seconds.

106. The method of claim provided that the heat is applied for a time period of about 1 second to 20 seconds.

107. The method of claim provided that the heat is applied for a time period of about 1 second to 15 seconds.

108. The method of claim provided that the heat is applied for a time period of about 5 seconds to 15 seconds.

109. The method of claim provided that the heat is applied for a time period of about 5 seconds to 10 seconds.

110. The method of claim provided that the heat is applied for a time period of about 8 seconds to 10 seconds.

111. The method of claim provided that the heat is applied for a time period of about 7 seconds to 12 seconds.

112. The method of claim provided that the heat is applied with a heat press.

113. The method of claim provided that the heat press exerts a pressure onto the article of about 5 PSI to 80 about PSI.

114. The method of claim provided that the heat press exerts a pressure onto the article of about 20 PSI to 50 about PSI.

115. The method of claim provided that the heat press exerts a pressure onto the article of about 25 PSI to 45 about PSI.

116. The method of claim provided that the heat press exerts a pressure onto the article of about 30 PSI to about 40 about PSI.

117. A kit for application onto an article, the kit comprising one or more biologically active ceramic sheets, wherein at least one biologically active ceramic sheet comprises an adhesive layer.

118. The kit of claim 117, provided that the two or more biologically active ceramic layers have the same or substantially the same composition of matter.

119. The kit of claim 117, provided that the two or more biologically active ceramic layers have distinct compositions of matter.

120. The kit of claim 117, provided that the kit further comprises an insulating layer.

121. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises carbon.

122. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises an aluminum foil layer.

123. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises aluminized cloth.

124. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises aluminum powder.

125. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises copper.

126. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises silver.

127. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises fiberglass.

128. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises glass wool.

129. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises cellulose.

130. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises rock wool.

131. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises polystyrene foam.

132. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises urethane foam.

133. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises vermiculite.

134. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises perlite.

135. The kit of claim 120, provided that the insulating layer comprises cork.

136. The kit of claim 117, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂).

137. The kit of claim 117, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 8 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂).

138. The kit of claim 117, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO).

139. The kit of claim 117, provided that the article comprises a fabric.

140. The kit of claim 117, provided that the fabric comprises acrylic fiber, bamboo, broadcloth, burlap, canvas, Coolmax, cotton, denim, elastane, flannel, fleece, gauze, Gore-Tex, hemp, herringbone, jersey, jute, knit, linen, Lycra knit, neoprene, nylon, polyester, polygel, rayon, satin, silk, smartwool, spandex,, polychloroprene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene- containing laminate fabrics or combinations thereof.

141. The kit of claim 117, provided that the article comprises a polymer.

142. The kit of claim 117, provided that the polymer comprises

polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polacrylonitrile, polyvinyl butyral, polylactic acid, and combinations thereof.

143. A heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition, and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet.

144. A heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition, and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet.

145. A heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition, and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet.

146. A heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂);

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition, and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet.

147. A heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂);

148. A heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition, and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet.

149. A heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂);

150. A heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂);

151. A heat transfer material, provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO); provided that the amounts are by total weight of the bioceramic composition, and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet.

152. The heat transfer material provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂).

provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet.

153. The heat transfer material provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂).

154. The heat transfer material provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

c. about 15 wt % to about 25 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃); d. about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and e. about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO). provided that the amounts are by total weight of the biologically active ceramic composition; and provided that the transfer material is layered onto a transfer sheet.

155. The heat transfer material provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % zirconium oxide (Zr0₂).

156. The heat transfer material provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % titanium dioxide (Ti0₂).

157. The heat transfer material provided that the heat transfer material comprises a biologically active ceramic, provided that the biologically active ceramic comprises:

a. about 50 wt % kaolinite (Al₂Si₂0₅(OH)₄);

b. about 10 wt % tourmaline;

c. about 18 wt % aluminum oxide (A1₂0₃);

d. about 14 wt % silicon dioxide (Si0₂); and

e. about 8 wt % magnesium oxide (MgO).

158. The kit of claim 117, provided that the kit further comprises written instructions for the application of the biologically active ceramic sheet onto an article.