Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B6/00—Hydrides of metals including fully or partially hydrided metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds ; Compounds containing at least one metal-hydrogen bond, e.g. (GeH3)2S, SiH GeH; Monoborane or diborane; Addition complexes thereof
  • C01B6/02—Hydrides of transition elements; Addition complexes thereof
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
  • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
  • G21B3/002—Fusion by absorption in a matrix
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
  • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions, and has been stimulated by the well known requirement of finding energy sources alternative to fossil sources, to prevent atmospheric carbon dioxi.de contents from being unnecessarily increased.
• the aim of the present invention is to provide a method allowing to produce energy in an economic, convenient, reliable and repetitive manner, without generating radiations and radioactive waste materials .
• a main object of the invention is to provide such a method which can be carried out in small size systems, adapted to be easily controlled and allowing to heat individual places at an operating cost less than that of commercially available heating systems.
• the above mentioned aim and objects, as well as yet other objects, which will become more apparent hereinafter, are achieved by a method and apparatus for carrying out a highly efficient exothermal reaction between nickel atoms and hydrogen atoms, in a tube, preferably, though not exclusively made of a metal, filled by a nickel powder and heated to a high temperature preferably, though not necessarily, from 150 to 500 0 C, by injecting hydrogen into said metal tube said nickel powder being pressurized, preferably, though not necessarily, to a pressure from 2 to 20 bars .
• the hydrogen nuclei due to a high absorbing capability of nickel therefor, are compressed about the metal atom nuclei, while said high temperature generates internuclear percussions w,hich are made stronger by the catalytic action of optional elements, thereby triggering a capture of a proton by the nickel powder, with a conseguent transformation of nickel to copper and a beta+ decay of the latter to a nickel nucleus having a mass which is by an unit larger than that of the starting nickel.
• the present inventor believes that in this reaction is possibly involved a capture of a proton by a nickel nucleus which is transformed into a copper nucleus with a consequent beta decay of the formed unstable copper (Cu 59 - 64) since the produced thermal energy is larger, as it will be thereinafter demonstrated, than the energy introduced by the electric resistance.
• nickel nuclei are transformed to copper since the mass (energy) of the final status (copper isotope) is less than the overall mass (energy) of the starting status (nickel isotope + proton) .
• Applicant's invention is based differs from those adopted by prior searchers since the inventor has not tried to demonstrate .an emission of elementary particles supporting a validity of a theory, but he has exclusively tried to provide an amount of energy larger than the consumed energy amount, to just achieve a practical method and apparatus for generating an energy amount larger than the consumed energy, and this by exploiting nuclear energy generating processes starting from electrochemical energy.
• the inventive apparatus has been specifically designed for producing the above mentioned energy in a reliable, easily controllable, safe, repeatable manner, for any desired applications.
• the inventive apparatus is coated by boron layers and lead plates both for restraining noxious radiations and transforming them into energy, without generating residue radiations and radioactive materials .
• the aim of the present invention is to provide an energy generating apparatus adapted to operate in a reliable and repeatable manner and including a plurality of series and parallel connectable apparatus modules, thereby generating an impressively high energy amount by so bombarding a nickel atom by a hydrogen atom, to provide a large atomic mass loss copper atom to be transformed into energy, based on the Einstein' s equation, plus a beta decay energy of the radioactive copper atoms.
• the following discussion may be considered as valid for some (radioactive) Cu isotopes, but not for the two stable copper isotopes ( ⁇ 63Cu and ⁇ 65Cu) which do not decay.
• the positron forms the electron antiparticle, and hence, as positrons impact against the nickel electrons, the electron-positron pairs are annihilated, thereby generating a huge amount of energy.
• nickel is one of the most abundant metals of the Earth crust.
• Figure 1 is a constructional diagram of the apparatus according to the present invention
• Figure 2 is a picture, taken by a 1.400 x electronic microscope, showing the nickel powder (on a 1.400 x scale), withdrawn by the apparatus;
• Figures 3 and 4 are electronic microscope diagrams related to the powder atomic composition, at the two points shown by the arrows in figure 2.
• the apparatus comprises an electric resistance 1, enclosed in a metal tube 2, further including therein a nickel powder 3.
• a solenoid valve 4 adjusts the pressure under which hydrogen 5 is introduced into the metal tube.
• Both the temperature generated by the electric resistance or resistor and the hydrogen injection pressure can be easily adjusted either to constant or pulsating values. More specifically, the electric resistance, or other heat source, is switched off as the exothermal reaction generating energizing status is triggered. A thermostat will hold said heat source operating, depending on the temperature in the circuit.
• the assembly comprising said electric resistance and nickel holding copper tube is shielded from the outer environment by using, respectively from the inside to the outside: a) a jacket 7 including water and boron, or only boron b) a further lead jacket 8, which, optionally, though not necessarily, may be coated by a steel layer
• the above mentioned coatings are so designed as to restrain all radiations emitted by the exothermal reaction and transform said radiation into thermal energy.
• the heat generated by the particle decay and nuclear transformations will heat the primary fluid, comprising borated water, thereby said primary fluid, in turn, will exchange heat with the secondary circuit, in turn heated by said primary fluid and conveying the produced thermal energy to desired applications, such as electric power, heating, mechanical energy, and so on.
• the apparatus further comprises the following features.
• Nickel is coated in a copper tube 100, including a heating electric resistance 101, adjusted and controlled by a controlling thermostat (not shown) adapted to switch off said resistance 101 as nickel is activated by hydrogen contained in a bottle 107.
• a first steel-boron armored construction 102 coated by a second lead armored construction 103, protect both the copper tube, the hydrogen bottle connection assembly 106, and the hydrogen bottle or cylinder 107 , thereby restraining radiations through the overall radiation life, allowing said radiations to be transformed into thermal energy.
• the copper reactor cooling water circulates through a steel outer pipe assembly 105, and this conveyed to thermal energy using devices.
• the above disclosed prototype can also be used as a heating module which, in a series and/or parallel coupling relationship with other like modules, will provide a basic core desired size and power heating systems .
• a practical embodiment of the inventive apparatus, installed on October 16, 2007, is at present perfectly operating 24 hours per day, and provides an amount of heat sufficient to heat the factory of the
• the electric resistance temperature controlling thermostat has been designed to switch off said electric resistance after 3-4 hours of operation, thereby providing self-supplied system, continuously emitting thermal energy in an amount larger than that initially generated by said electric resistance, which mode of operation is actually achieved by an exothermal reaction.
• Figures 2-5 show data measured on January 30, 2008 which basically demonstrate that the invention actually provides a true nuclear cold fusion.
• the photo of figure 2 ( obtained by a 1.400 x electronic microscope) shows the nickel powder on a 1.400 x scale, as withdrawn from the apparatus: in particular said photo clearly shows the flake granules, greatly promoting an absorption of the hydrogen atoms by the nickel nuclei.
• the two arrows in the figure show the two positions of the powder sample thereon the electronic microscope tests for detecting the powder atomic composition have been carried out.
• said graphs clearly show that zinc is formed, whereas zinc was not present in the nickel powder originally loaded into the apparatus said zinc being actually generated by a fusion of a nickel atom and two hydrogen atoms .
• the inventive reaction also provides a nickel nucleus fission phenomenon generating lighter stable atoms.
• the used powders contained both copper and lighter than nickel atoms (such as sulphur, chlorine, potassium, calcium) .
• Avogadro number 6.022 x 10 23 mol "1 number of nickel atoms in 58 g nickel.
• the energy generated in each hydrogen capture process has been evaluated (for each nickel isotope) from the difference between the initial mass (nickel + hydrogen) and the reaction end product mass.
• the mass loss corresponding to a transformation of an entire Ni mol can be calculated by multiplying the Avogadro number (6.022 x 10 23 ) time the mass variation of the single reaction.
• Powder nickel Gerli Metalli - Milan Boron: Danilo Dell'Amore SrI- Bologna Copper tube: Italchimici- Antezzate (Brescia)
• Laser beam temperature measuring device Raytheon, USA

Priority Applications (2)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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Cited By (15)

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Citations (1)

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• 2008
  • 2008-04-09 IT IT000629A patent/ITMI20080629A1/it unknown
  • 2008-08-04 WO PCT/IT2008/000532 patent/WO2009125444A1/en active Application Filing
  • 2008-08-04 EP EP08873805A patent/EP2259998A1/en not_active Withdrawn
• 2009
  • 2009-08-04 US US12/736,193 patent/US20110005506A1/en not_active Abandoned

Patent Citations (1)

Non-Patent Citations (5)

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