WO1998047697A1 - Method and apparatus for embossing continuous paper web - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for embossing continuous paper web Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998047697A1 WO1998047697A1 PCT/US1998/007403 US9807403W WO9847697A1 WO 1998047697 A1 WO1998047697 A1 WO 1998047697A1 US 9807403 W US9807403 W US 9807403W WO 9847697 A1 WO9847697 A1 WO 9847697A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- embossing
- roll
- imprint
- cell
- nip
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F1/00—Mechanical deformation without removing material, e.g. in combination with laminating
- B31F1/07—Embossing, i.e. producing impressions formed by locally deep-drawing, e.g. using rolls provided with complementary profiles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F2201/00—Mechanical deformation of paper or cardboard without removing material
- B31F2201/07—Embossing
- B31F2201/0707—Embossing by tools working continuously
- B31F2201/0715—The tools being rollers
- B31F2201/0723—Characteristics of the rollers
- B31F2201/0738—Cross sectional profile of the embossments
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F2201/00—Mechanical deformation of paper or cardboard without removing material
- B31F2201/07—Embossing
- B31F2201/0707—Embossing by tools working continuously
- B31F2201/0715—The tools being rollers
- B31F2201/0741—Roller cooperating with a non-even counter roller
- B31F2201/0743—Roller cooperating with a non-even counter roller having a matching profile
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F2201/00—Mechanical deformation of paper or cardboard without removing material
- B31F2201/07—Embossing
- B31F2201/0758—Characteristics of the embossed product
- B31F2201/0761—Multi-layered
- B31F2201/0764—Multi-layered the layers being nested
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
- B31F2201/00—Mechanical deformation of paper or cardboard without removing material
- B31F2201/07—Embossing
- B31F2201/0784—Auxiliary operations
- B31F2201/0792—Printing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for embossing a pattern upon a continuous web of paper, as the web passes between a pair of opposed metal embossing rolls.
- This invention relates to method and apparatus for embossing a pattern upon a continuous web of paper, typically used for paper napkins, toilet tissue, and the like, by passing the web between a pair of matched pattern embossing rolls.
- a continuous web of paper typically used for paper napkins, toilet tissue, and the like
- debris is forced out of the paper, and tends to stick to the embossing roll surfaces, shortening roll life.
- Embossing rolls are cylindrical rolls, mounted tangentially parallel and spaced apart to form a nip, therebetween, at the line of roll tangency.
- Prior art rolls are typically of the same diameter, and are rotated inward towards the nip at the same rotational speed.
- embossing projections extending outward from the embossing roll, and concave imprinting cells, within the opposing imprint roll, move at the same linear speed.
- the embossing roll with its embossing projections radially extending from the outer surface, is rotated in timed relationship, with the opposing imprint roll, whereby the embossing projections mesh with the embossing imprint cells, on the opposing imprint roll.
- the paper web as it passes through the nip, is tamped into the imprint cells, by the embossing projections. Tamping the web into the cells, by the tightly fitting projections, embosses a pattern into the web. Embossing paper webs, using a pair of mated steel rolls, is a production technique used to manufacture toilet tissue, paper hankies, paper napkins, paper towels, and like products.
- the paper webs now being received by converters, for embossing, are generally made from recycled paper and inherently contain adherent debris.
- the debris in the paper generally comprises a mixture of cellulose, latex, and tar.
- the cellulose, latex, and tar is adherent and sticky.
- the presence of such adherent debris, in the recycled paper webs shortens roll life because of an inherent debris build-up, which occurs within the imprint cells during the embossing operation.
- a typical symptom of debris build-up is tearing of the web during the embossing operation; another symptom of debris build up, is poor definition of the pattern embossed into the paper. When the web tears, or the pattern is no longer sharp, the mated rolls must be replaced.
- One common, prior art, method used to extend roll life is to merely increase the clearance between the embossing projection and the imprint cell.
- the embossing projection, and the matching cell is typically etched to create more clearance whereby the cell may hold a greater amount of debris before replacement of the rolls becomes necessary.
- Palmer addresses the problem of adherent debris build up by providing the imprint roll with open ended circumferential grooves, into which the embossable paper is pressed by male projections on the embossing roll.
- the open ended grooves permit accumulated debris therein to fall from of the grooves as the imprint roll, upon which the grooves are carried, rotates, during the embossing operation.
- Palmer teaches the use of a system of brushes, attached to the embossing roll, to clean the grooves of the imprint roll as the rolls rotatingly separate.
- Nystrand U.S. Pat. No. 3,867,872
- Schulz U.S. Pat. No.
- 4,927,588 discloses embossing a pattern into a multi-ply, continuous paper web, by using a pair of opposed embossing rolls. After embossing a multiply web, the plies are separated from one another and longitudinally displaced, relative to one another, and recombined into a multi-ply sheet with the embossments out of register with one another.
- the device as taught in Schulz incorporates a steel embossing roll, and a rubber roll as the platen.
- Houk, U.S. Pat. No. 5,158,523 teaches use of a steel embossing roll, as in Schulz, U.S. Pat. No.
- Projections, in the form of truncated pyramids, on the perimeter of the embossing roll extend outwardly therefrom and imprintingly engage the impressionable surface of the imprint roll.
- a web passing through the nip, between the embossing roll and the imprint roll, is embossed as the pattern of truncated rectangular pyramids is forced into the impressionable surface of the imprint roll.
- Houk teaches a steel, non-impressionable, imprint roll having a plurality of pyramidal cavities machined into the roll surface wherein he truncated rectangular pyramids, on the embossing roll, tamp the web into the pyramidal cavities at the nip.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic of an embossing device suitable for embodying the present invention having two parent rolls, a web, a matched pair of embossing rolls, and a finished roll.
- FIG. 2 is a partial perspective of an embossing device for embodying the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a partial perspective of a male embossing roll and a matching female imprint roll, one mounted above the other.
- FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view, in elevation, showing a typical prior art male and female embossing roll combination, one mounted one above the other.
- FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view, similar to Fig. 4, illustrating the accumulation of debris experienced in prior art apparatus of the type illustrated in Fig. 4.
- FIG. 6 is a partial sectional view, similar to Figs. 4 and 5, generally illustrating a modified imprint cell in accord with the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is an elevational view looking into the nip of a pair of embossing rolls suitable for embodying the present invention.
- FIG. 8 a, b and c are schematics showing the movement of debris out of the modified imprint cell through one embossing cycle, with a small diameter male embossing roll.
- FIG. 9 a, b, and c are schematics, similar to Fig. 9, showing the movement of debris out of the modified imprint cell through one embossing cycle, with a large diameter male embossing roll.
- FIG. 10 is a distortion diagram from which the dimensions and configuration of the modified imprint cell, in accord with the present invention, are determined.
- FIG. 1 presents a schematic of a machine 100 for embossing a pattern into a continuous paper web 200.
- Web 200 is typically formed of two continuous sheets of embossable paper 150 and 152 supplied upon parent feed rolls 400 and 402. Continuous sheets 150 and 152 are fed, in an overlapping relationship, into nip 300 between rotating male embossing roll 500 and female imprint roll 502. Rolls 500 and 502 are mounted parallel to and one above the other, in meshing relationship and are rotated inward towards nip 300 in the machine direction MD thereby carrying the resulting composite web 200 through nip 300 and onto finished roll 600.
- embossing roll 500 is provided with a pattern of radially extending male embossing projections 104 in matched relation to a pattern of radially inward extending female imprint cells 120 upon imprint roll 502.
- embossable paper sheets 150 and 152 are drawn into and through nip 300, the interaction of embossing projections 104 and imprint cells 120 emboss a decorative pattern 202 upon the composite web 200.
- Embossed pattern 202 may serve one of two functions or both. First the embossed pattern 202 may function to "knif' he two separate sheets 150 and 152 together and/or may also serve to provide a decorative pattern within the finished composite web 200.
- FIG. 4 an expanded cross sectional view is illustrated of a typical Prior Art embossing roll 500 and imprinting roll 502, in meshing engagement, at nip 300 and rotating such as to advance web 200 in the machine direction MD.
- Male projection 104 generally comprises end walls 106 and 108 and bottom surface 110.
- Imprint cell 120 generally comprises a matching U-shaped, concave, indentation having side surfaces 122 and 124, and bottom surface 126. Surface 128 and surface 130 form the top of cell 120.
- Fig. 6 presents a view similar to Fig. 4 wherein an improved imprint cell 170 embodying the present invention is generally illustrated.
- Prior Art cell end walls 122 and 124, and bottom surface 126 have been reconfigured to form a smooth, continuous, concave, generally elliptical surface 172 extending from cell top surface 128 to opposite top surface 130.
- the lateral configuration of the cell 170, in the machine's cross direction CD, is unchanged and continues to comprise generally radially extending, planar, side walls having a CD dimension so as to accommodate the CD dimension of projection 104.
- projection 104 not only penetrates cell 170, thereby embossing web 200 as it passes between rolls 500 and 502, but also, in accord with the present invention, sweeps across elliptical surface 172 from cell top surface 128 to opposite top surface 130 thereby causing projection 104, and the embossed portion of web 200, to push any accumulated debris out of the cell ahead of projection 104.
- projection 104 and elliptical surface 172 as they pass, in meshed relation, through nip 300. Therefore, if rolls 500 and 502, have equal diameters they must rotate at different rotational speeds to produce the required sweeping movement of embossing projection 104 through imprint cell 170.
- rolls 500 and 502 may by of different diameters as illustrated in Fig. 7, and may also rotate at the same or different rotational speed.
- the meshing action of projection 104 with cell 170 also simultaneously embosses the web, on the side wall of imprint cell 170, and the bottom surface 172 of the imprint cell, rather than tamping the web between the walls of the imprint cell 120, and the male projection 104, as in the Prior Art.
- the Prior Art tamping causes the build up and hardening of debris within the imprint cell, which the sweeping motion of the present invention prevents.
- the sweeping action of embossing projection 104 through imprint cell 170 is referred to as "sweep”. Sweep is thus defined as the difference in velocity between a point on the tip of the male embossing projection 104, and a point in the female imprint cell 170, measured at the nip.
- FIG. 7 shows an embossing roll 500 and an imprint roll 502 having differing diameters as measured across points 510 and 512, and points 522 and 524 respectively, whereby embossing roll 500 has a large diameter 530 and imprint roll 502 has a smaller diameter 532.
- Figs. 8a, 8b, and 8c illustrate an embodiment of the present invention wherein the male embossing roll 500 is smaller in diameter than the female imprint roll 502. In such an embodiment the larger imprint roll 502 is moving faster than the smaller embossing roll 500.
- embossing projection 104 is shown as it first enters cell 170 at the cell's leading edge 132. Debris 114 is shown as having collected in the bottom of cell 170.
- cell 170 effectively "sweeps past" projection 104 as the meshing embossing projection 104 and imprint cell 170 advance along the machine direction MD and through nip 300 thereby causing embossing projection 104 to not only emboss the paper web (not shown) therebetween but to also sweep through cell 170.
- embossing projection 104 sweeps through cell 170, from right to left, as viewed in Fig. 8b, the collected debris 114, within cell 170, is swept or pushed along the floor 172 of cell 170 ahead of projection 104.
- Figs. 9a, 9b, and 9c similarly illustrate an embodiment of the present invention wherein the male embossing roll 500 is larger than the female imprint roll 502.
- the larger embossing roll 500 is moving faster than the smaller imprint roll 502.
- embossing projection 104 is shown entering cell 170 as projection 104 begins to mesh with cell 170 as illustrated in Fig. 9a. Because of the relatively faster speed of the embossing roll 500, projection 104 is caused to sweep through cell 170, from left to right as viewed in Fig.
- Fig. 10 presents a distortion diagram for a pair of embossing rolls, in accord with the present invention, wherein the male embossing roll has a smaller diameter DIAs and the female imprint roll has a large diameter DIA L .
- Distortion is herein defined as the difference in length, in the machine direction, between the extended elliptical imprint cell 170, of the present invention, and the typical prior art imprint cell 120 as illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6.
- the distortion diagram, Fig. 10 is provided to visualize the configuration and relationship of the embossing roll 500, the imprint roll 502, embossing projections 104 and imprint cells 170 as configured in accord with the present invention as when rolls of different size are used.
- the circumferential, straight line length of the imprint cell 170 in the machine direction MD, from its leading edge 132 to its trailing edge 134, is defined as the chord length cs; cs is also the chord length of the two circles that represent the embossing roll 500 and the imprint roll 502, is seen in Fig. 10.
- the arc length Is of the imprint cell's bottom surface 172, as measured on an arc through the extended cell, may be calculated by the formulation given below.
- the pattern depth PD of imprint cell 170 which also represents the height of the male projection 104, without any clearance allowance, is also calculated by the formulation given below.
- chord length Cs is calculated to determine if there will be overlap between imprint cells.
- the arc segment height hs measured between the chord cs and the depth of the pattern, on one circle, is added to arc segment height IIL from the second circle to obtain the maximum height of the male embossing projection 104, without any clearance allowance.
- the side wall angle of the imprint cell 170 is typically between 0 to 30 degrees.
- the calculations to determine the chord cs, the maximum projection height PD, and the arc length 1$ of the imprint cell 170, are made to determine whether the imprint cells 170 will run together. It is desired to have a space 138 between the imprint cells 170.
- DIA L Diameter of Large Roll 500
- DIAM Diameter of Male Protrusion 104
- the male embossing roll 500 is larger than the female imprint roll the following parameters
- the distortion diagram as illustrated in Fig. 10, and the above formulations are used to determine the length of the imprint cell in the machine direction MD.
- the difference between the diameter of the male embossing roll 500 and the female imprint roll 502, is determined by the amount of sweep needed to remove debris from the imprint cells 170 within imprint roll 502.
- the difference in the diameter between the embossing roll 502 and the imprint roll 502 is limited by the stretch in the paper web being embossed.
- the embossable paper web must be chosen to have an adequate stretch so that the web will impress when the rolls are operated at different linear speeds, without tearing the web. Further the embossable paper must produce an attractive impression, formed at the bearing surface between the sides of the projection 104, and the sides of the cells 170.
- Embossable paper is typically sold in different weights and different stretch percentages.
- a typical embossable paper may be between six percent stretchable to rapture, to twenty percent stretchable to rupture.
- the apparatus typically used to emboss embossible paper generally works with a defined stretch percentage.
- Papers of varied stretch were used in testing the present invention. Embossing, employing the present invention, was successfully performed with a forty percent difference in diameter between the large roll and the small roll. It is believed that the maximum difference in diameter would be a ratio of one to two and that the range of one-to-ten percent is preferred to effectively clear debris from the imprint roll cells during embossing.
- a test should be performed, with each source of paper, to determine the amount of speed differential (sweep) that a particular paper will accept without tearing and providing a sharp, clearly differentiated, embossing pattern.
- the amount of sweep (speed differential) necessary to sweep debris from an imprint cell is largely based on the amount of stretch in the paper web.
- the amount of stretch, of a particular paper web can be defined and obtained from physical testing of the web, to assure that the web stretch is within the desired operating parameters of a given embossing machine.
- the web will stretch at the point of embossing, and relax after the embossing; the sweep (speed differential) is determined by the amount of debris in the web fed to the nip, the amount of sweep necessary to clean out a cell, and by the debris formed by the pattern chosen.
- the best method determined is that the difference between the diameter of the embossing roll, and the imprint roll, is between two percent and 40 percent, with both rolls moving at the same radial speed, to mesh the male projections and the elongated imprint cells at the nip.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98919755A EP1021294A4 (en) | 1997-04-21 | 1998-04-13 | Method and apparatus for embossing continuous paper web |
CA002287490A CA2287490A1 (en) | 1997-04-21 | 1998-04-13 | Method and apparatus for embossing continuous paper web |
AU72469/98A AU7246998A (en) | 1997-04-21 | 1998-04-13 | Method and apparatus for embossing continuous paper web |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US4231197P | 1997-04-21 | 1997-04-21 | |
US60/042,311 | 1997-04-21 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998047697A1 true WO1998047697A1 (en) | 1998-10-29 |
Family
ID=21921173
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1998/007403 WO1998047697A1 (en) | 1997-04-21 | 1998-04-13 | Method and apparatus for embossing continuous paper web |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1021294A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU7246998A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2287490A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998047697A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1123799A1 (en) * | 1999-12-15 | 2001-08-16 | A. + E. Ungricht GmbH & Co. KG | Method of embossing a sheet-like tissue product, and roller pair to carry out the method |
US8753737B2 (en) | 2009-05-19 | 2014-06-17 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Multi-ply fibrous structures and methods for making same |
US9243368B2 (en) | 2009-05-19 | 2016-01-26 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Embossed fibrous structures and methods for making same |
Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2729267A (en) * | 1952-07-16 | 1956-01-03 | Hoffmaster Company Inc | Machine and method for making edge embossed paper article and product thereof |
US3323983A (en) * | 1964-09-08 | 1967-06-06 | Kimberly Clark Co | Apparatus for embossing multi-ply paper sheets |
US3608047A (en) * | 1968-03-08 | 1971-09-21 | Fort Howard Paper Co | Method of manufacturing embossed paper products |
US3650882A (en) * | 1969-07-11 | 1972-03-21 | Kimberly Clark Co | Multi-ply paper towel |
US3867872A (en) * | 1972-10-03 | 1975-02-25 | Paper Converting Machine Co | Ply-bonded, embossed product and apparatus |
US4280978A (en) * | 1979-05-23 | 1981-07-28 | Monsanto Company | Process of embossing and perforating thermoplastic film |
US4614632A (en) * | 1983-12-30 | 1986-09-30 | Nippon Petrochemicals Company, Limited | Method and apparatus for continuously forming embossed sheets |
US4888145A (en) * | 1982-09-23 | 1989-12-19 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Process for producing a synthetic resin sheet, especially for a multicolor pattern |
US4927588A (en) * | 1988-05-24 | 1990-05-22 | James River Corporation Of Virginia | Method multi-ply embossed fibrous sheet |
US5158523A (en) * | 1990-09-17 | 1992-10-27 | James River Corporation Of Virginia | Apparatus for enhanced emboss bonding of multi-ply tissue products |
-
1998
- 1998-04-13 WO PCT/US1998/007403 patent/WO1998047697A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-04-13 CA CA002287490A patent/CA2287490A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-04-13 EP EP98919755A patent/EP1021294A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-04-13 AU AU72469/98A patent/AU7246998A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2729267A (en) * | 1952-07-16 | 1956-01-03 | Hoffmaster Company Inc | Machine and method for making edge embossed paper article and product thereof |
US3323983A (en) * | 1964-09-08 | 1967-06-06 | Kimberly Clark Co | Apparatus for embossing multi-ply paper sheets |
US3608047A (en) * | 1968-03-08 | 1971-09-21 | Fort Howard Paper Co | Method of manufacturing embossed paper products |
US3650882A (en) * | 1969-07-11 | 1972-03-21 | Kimberly Clark Co | Multi-ply paper towel |
US3867872A (en) * | 1972-10-03 | 1975-02-25 | Paper Converting Machine Co | Ply-bonded, embossed product and apparatus |
US4280978A (en) * | 1979-05-23 | 1981-07-28 | Monsanto Company | Process of embossing and perforating thermoplastic film |
US4888145A (en) * | 1982-09-23 | 1989-12-19 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Process for producing a synthetic resin sheet, especially for a multicolor pattern |
US4614632A (en) * | 1983-12-30 | 1986-09-30 | Nippon Petrochemicals Company, Limited | Method and apparatus for continuously forming embossed sheets |
US4927588A (en) * | 1988-05-24 | 1990-05-22 | James River Corporation Of Virginia | Method multi-ply embossed fibrous sheet |
US5158523A (en) * | 1990-09-17 | 1992-10-27 | James River Corporation Of Virginia | Apparatus for enhanced emboss bonding of multi-ply tissue products |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of EP1021294A4 * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1123799A1 (en) * | 1999-12-15 | 2001-08-16 | A. + E. Ungricht GmbH & Co. KG | Method of embossing a sheet-like tissue product, and roller pair to carry out the method |
US8753737B2 (en) | 2009-05-19 | 2014-06-17 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Multi-ply fibrous structures and methods for making same |
US9243368B2 (en) | 2009-05-19 | 2016-01-26 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Embossed fibrous structures and methods for making same |
US9701101B2 (en) | 2009-05-19 | 2017-07-11 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Multi-ply fibrous structures and methods for making same |
US9937694B2 (en) | 2009-05-19 | 2018-04-10 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method for making multi-ply fibrous structures |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1021294A1 (en) | 2000-07-26 |
AU7246998A (en) | 1998-11-13 |
EP1021294A4 (en) | 2000-07-26 |
CA2287490A1 (en) | 1998-10-29 |
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