US5337275A - Method for releasing space in flash EEPROM memory array to allow the storage of compressed data - Google Patents

Method for releasing space in flash EEPROM memory array to allow the storage of compressed data Download PDF

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US5337275A
US5337275A US08/146,439 US14643993A US5337275A US 5337275 A US5337275 A US 5337275A US 14643993 A US14643993 A US 14643993A US 5337275 A US5337275 A US 5337275A
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sectors
data
flash eeprom
memory array
eeprom memory
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Richard P. Garner
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Intel Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
    • G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation
    • G06F12/0223—User address space allocation, e.g. contiguous or non contiguous base addressing
    • G06F12/023—Free address space management
    • G06F12/0238—Memory management in non-volatile memory, e.g. resistive RAM or ferroelectric memory
    • G06F12/0246—Memory management in non-volatile memory, e.g. resistive RAM or ferroelectric memory in block erasable memory, e.g. flash memory
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2212/00—Indexing scheme relating to accessing, addressing or allocation within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F2212/40—Specific encoding of data in memory or cache
    • G06F2212/401—Compressed data
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
    • G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
    • G06F3/0628—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems making use of a particular technique
    • G06F3/0662—Virtualisation aspects
    • G06F3/0664—Virtualisation aspects at device level, e.g. emulation of a storage device or system

Definitions

  • This invention relates to flash electrically-erasable programmable read-only memories (flash EEPROM) and, more particularly, to methods for releasing portions of such arrays in which data of less value is stored so that more important data may be written to such arrays in compressed form.
  • flash EEPROM flash electrically-erasable programmable read-only memories
  • Modern computer systems make extensive use of long term memory.
  • this memory is provided by one or more electro-mechanical hard (fixed) disk drives made of flat circular magnetic disks which rotate about a central axis and which have a mechanical arm to write to or to read from positions on the magnetic disk.
  • Hard disk drives are very useful and have become almost a necessity to the operation of personal computers.
  • electro-mechanical drives are relatively heavy, require a significant amount of space within a computer, require a significant amount of the power in use, and are very susceptible to shock.
  • a hard drive within a portable computer which is dropped is quite likely to cease functioning with a catastrophic loss of data.
  • flash EEPROM flash EEPROM
  • a flash EEPROM memory array includes a large plurality of floating-gate field effect transistors arranged as memory cells in typical row and column fashion with circuitry for accessing the individual cells and placing the memory transistors of those cells in one of two memory conditions.
  • a flash memory cell like a typical EPROM cell retains information when power is removed. Flash EEPROM memory has a number of attributes which adapt it to use as long term memory. It is light in weight, occupies very little space, and consumes less power than electro-mechanical disk drives. More importantly, it is especially rugged. It will withstand without adverse effects repeated drops each of which would destroy a typical electro-mechanical hard disk drive.
  • a peculiarity of flash EEPROM is that it is erased by applying a high voltage simultaneously to the source terminals of all of the transistors (cells) used in a large portion of the array. Because these source terminals are all connected to one another in the array by metallic busing, the entire portion of the array must be erased at once. While an electro-mechanical hard disk drive will typically store information in a first area of the disk and then rewrite that same area of the disk when the information changes, this is not possible with a flash memory array without erasing all of the valid information that remains in that portion of the array along with the invalid (dirty) information.
  • a different arrangement may be advantageously used for rewriting data and erasing dirty sectors of a flash EEPROM array.
  • the entire array is divided into smaller separately erasable blocks so that when a block is erased the amount of valid data which must be reprogrammed is reduced.
  • Such an array is composed of a number of silicon chips; and each such chip includes a number of such blocks. Then, when the information at a data entry changes, the changed information is written to a new sector on an available block rather than written over the old data; and the old data is marked dirty. After a sufficient number of sectors on a block have been marked dirty, the entire block is erased.
  • the flash EEPROM array has been designed to include a hardware compressor/decompressor so that it may store more data.
  • a problem occurs in using such a memory array to store compressed data.
  • the Microsoft DOS operating system (hereinafter DOS) allocates long term memory space through the use of a file allocation table associated with the particular memory hardware. When an electro-mechanical hard disk drive is first put into use, it is divided into sectors each of a fixed size and residing at a fixed place on the drive media. Each sector is numbered.
  • the file allocation table is a way for the DOS operating system to figure out which sectors on a disk are used for a file.
  • the file allocation table is a linked list that maps the file to the sectors; each link in the list includes a number of sectors allocated to a particular file and points to a next link.
  • the DOS system typically saves the file allocation table on the disk with which the table is associated.
  • the allocation of sectors in the file allocation table is the way in which the operating system determines how much memory space is available in the array. Other systems operate similarly.
  • each block of a flash EEPROM memory array must be erased before new data may be written to it.
  • compressed data is being written to a flash EEPROM memory array at a lower than average compression rate so that insufficient space is available in the array for the data, there is no process for determining that this is occurring and for releasing data stored in a flash EEPROM memory array immediately so that there will be sufficient room to store the compressed data.
  • An attempt to write a large amount of data compressed at a rate lower than average will cause the array to return a general disk write error signal. At that point, some method for releasing space in a flash memory array immediately is necessary if the new data is to be written to the array.
  • an object of the present invention to provide a method for releasing allocated space in a flash EEPROM memory array when compressed data is written to the array at a compression rate different than expected.
  • the process includes the steps of accumulating a list of sectors deleted by an operating system, monitoring the storage space available in a flash EEPROM memory array, selecting a sector with data to be released when the free storage space available in a flash EEPROM memory array is less than a predetermined amount, finding a header of a sector with data to be released, setting the indication of validity of the data stored to indicate that the data is invalid, writing a new header for the sector to a new position in the array without data and with an indication that data is not attached, and repeating the operation for each sector on the list of sectors deleted by the operating system until the free storage space available in a flash EEPROM memory array is greater than a predetermined amount.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a flash EEPROM memory array in which the present invention may be used.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an individual block of the flash EEPROM memory array of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method for deattaching sectors used in practicing the invention.
  • FIGS. 4(a) and (b) are flow charts of two processes which may be used together to practice the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to a method for operating a computer in processing electrical or other (e.g. mechanical, chemical) physical signals to generate other desired physical signals.
  • FIG. 1 there is illustrated in block diagram form a flash EEPROM memory array 10 in which the present invention may be practiced.
  • the array 10 includes a plurality of blocks B0-B15 of flash EEPROM memory.
  • Each block includes floating-gate field effect transistor memory devices or cells (not shown) arranged in typical row and column fashion and having circuitry arranged for selecting any particular block of memory and any particular row and column so that the memory device at that position may be written or read.
  • the details of the layout of transistor memory arrays and the associated accessing circuitry are well known to those skilled in the art and are, therefore, not shown here.
  • Flash EEPROM memory is essentially an EPROM array with facilities provided so that when divided into blocks in the manner illustrated an entire block of N-type memory cells may be erased by a high voltage value applied simultaneously to the source terminals of all the memory transistors of the block. Such an erasure places each of the cells in the one condition. When in that condition, a zero or a one may be written to a cell. A one leaves the cell in the same one condition while a zero switches the cell to the zero condition. A cell cannot be switched back from the zero condition to the one condition without the application at its source terminal of the high value of voltage required for erasure. Since all source terminals of the memory transistors of a block are joined together, a cell in a zero state remains in that state until the entire block of the array is erased once again.
  • blocks B0-B15 of memory are shown positioned on a first chip 11 of the array 10. Additional silicon chips 11 each hold additional blocks of the array 10 to provide a total number of blocks sufficient to furnish the desired size of memory array.
  • data may be written to any position on the entire block.
  • a host begins writing (in a manner to be described) the data to be stored in the array (such as an application program) to some block of the array having free space
  • the data to be stored in the array 10 is written sequentially, sector by sector, to the free space in this first block until that block has been filled with data. Then writing proceeds to the next sequential block having free space.
  • the information may be read back from the array 10 by interrogating the block and sector at which the data is stored.
  • the sector number which is used to indicate where data is stored is really a logical sector number.
  • a lookup table 17 listing logical sector numbers against physical sector positions is utilized with the array 10 so that the physical position in the array 10 at which any particular logical sector exists may be determined.
  • each block of the array will after some time have a number of entries which are marked invalid and cannot be used for storage. Consequently, as the array 10 fills with data, a point will come when it is necessary to clear out invalid data from a block in order to provide space for new data to be stored.
  • the dirtiest block of the array 10 is chosen for erasure. This allows the smallest amount of valid data to be moved to another block of the array from the block to be erased. Once the valid data is written to another block and the new physical addresses are recorded in the lookup table 17, the block from which the information was read is erased. It is then placed back into operation as an entirely clean block.
  • FIG. 2 is an idealized drawing which illustrates one arrangement of an individual block of the array 10 and is useful in describing the way data is stored.
  • a typical block 20 is illustrated as a rectangular area. The area includes a plurality of transistor devices typically arranged in rows and columns to provide the desired storage. The individual transistors and the various column and row select lines and other conductors for operating the block are not illustrated but are well known to those skilled in the art of designing flash memory.
  • data is stored in the block 20 beginning at the top of the block and near to the bottom.
  • a first sector number 58112 is stored as a part of the first header at the top.
  • a pointer value is stored in the header with the sector number.
  • the attributes included in one embodiment are an indication of the validity of the entry, a revision number, an indication whether the data is compressed or not, and a bit which indicates whether the entry includes data.
  • the indication of the validity of the entry stores at least one bit which indicates valid when it is a one value and invalid when it is a zero value; in one embodiment, two bits are used and both must be ones to indicate a valid entry.
  • the revision number is, in one embodiment, a four bit number.
  • the bit which indicates whether the entry includes data or not is utilized to allow sectors to be created without data. This is the initial state of sectors on a block when the array is first formatted. This allows information regarding the condition of sectors to be transferred to the host even though those sectors have not been used or are not presently in use.
  • the pointer value points to a physical address on the block 20 which is an offset from the beginning of the block at which the data for logical sector 58112 is stored.
  • An arrow in FIG. 2 illustrates this physical position at which the first byte of data for the logical sector is stored.
  • logical sector 58112 which is the first sector on the block 20
  • the data is written from the byte at the position indicated by the pointer stored with the sector number 58112 in the header to a point at the beginning of the entire data storage area which is marked by a beginning pointer value illustrated by an arrow extending from the upper left hand corner of the block 20.
  • FIG. 2 also shows a second logical sector 5 and its pointer directed to a physical position on the block 20 which stores the first byte of the data for sector 5.
  • the amount of data written to a logical sector is not fixed and may vary. However, a sector may be of any size less than a typical 512 bytes in one embodiment. Since the data for each new sector is written in all of the rows immediately above the data for the last-written sector, only a trivial amount of data space is wasted.
  • This storage design allows data to be compressed. When the data being sent to storage is compressed, the amount of storage space normally left empty in a fixed size storage arrangement may be eliminated. To indicate that the data is compressed, the compression bit in the header is set.
  • the header for a third logical sector number 867 is also shown; this sector includes an indication "WOD" (without data) that "no data is attached.” By the use of this indication, the header may be positioned on a block of the array, yet the space usually allocated for data is not used. This allows various information about the sector to be transferred to the host without a great deal of space being used.
  • a header requires only four words (eight bytes) of memory in the array whereas a sector of data may use as much as 512 bytes of memory in addition to the data space.
  • the physical position of the sector is stored with the logical sector number in a lookup table 17 (which is preferably held in random access memory 16).
  • the physical position includes the chip number, the block, and the offset for retrieving the data.
  • the data stored in any sector of the block 20 may be retrieved by retrieving the physical position of the logical sector number from the table 17 in random access memory, going to the position on the block 20 where the sector number is stored, and retrieving the pointer to the beginning position of the data and the pointer to the beginning position of the sector whose number is stored immediately above the sector number being retrieved. These two values determine the starting and ending positions (its size) for the sector the data of which is sought.
  • the control circuit 14 utilizes a microprocessor such as the Intel 80188 processor to execute various processes stored in read only memory within the control circuit 14. These processes utilize random access memory 16 to provide various services which allow the array 10 to be utilized as long term storage in the manner described.
  • One of these processes may cause a hardware compressor/decompressor circuit 53 shown as a portion of the control circuit 14 to compress data being sent to the array 10.
  • the details of such a circuit 53 are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a hardware compressor/decompressor referred to as the Stacker AT/16 Coprocessor Card is marketed by Stac Electronics, 5993 Avenida Encinas, Carlsbad, Calif.
  • the control circuit 14 shown in FIG. 1 is also illustrated as including a command state machine which provides a command interface between the control circuit 14 and the flash EEPROM memory array.
  • the command state machine and the write state machine actually reside on each of the chips 11.
  • the command state machine controls the programming, reading, and erasing of the flash EEPROM memory array.
  • the command state machine using the write state machine sequences the data flow to and from the array to ensure that the writing to, the reading from, and the erasure of the array occur in proper order.
  • the microprocessor of the controller 14 controls the transfer of information between the host and the array and runs processes to provide services to the array; in doing so, the microprocessor may make use of various operations provided by the command state machine.
  • the microprocessor of the control circuit 14 is able to control the operations so that the external host which is writing to and receiving information from the flash array is typically not aware that an erasure is taking place even though the erasure requires one or two seconds.
  • a flash EEPROM memory array described When a flash EEPROM memory array described is manufactured for use in place of an electro-mechanical hard disk drive, it typically receives low level formatting.
  • This low level formatting stores on the blocks of the array data to define all of the logical sectors which may exist in a drive of the particular size. For example, one embodiment of a forty megabyte drive will have approximately 83,000 sectors placed on a first number of blocks, approximately the first forty blocks of the 240 blocks available in this array will hold such preformatted sectors.
  • a limited number of sectors (2047 in one embodiment) may be placed on each of a first number of the blocks of the array; the remaining blocks contain free space.
  • Each of these sectors has a logical sector number and the remainder of the information necessary to complete the header fields. However, since none of the sectors includes data at this point in time, the data attached bit of the attribute field indicates that no data is attached to the sector.
  • a process run by the microprocessor of the controller 14 reviews all of the blocks of the array and compiles the table 17 from the valid logical sector entries found. These valid logical sector numbers are listed in the table 17 along with the physical offset, block, and chip at which they are positioned. Since the addressing scheme used treats the host address as a logical address and records that logical address along with the physical position in the table 17 in random access memory 16, this table 17 must be updated whenever data is written to the array. The writing of changed data to a new physical address requires that the lookup table entry in table 17 be updated with the new physical position of the sector in the array and that the old entry on the block to be erased be marked as invalid by marking the invalid bit(s) of the header for that sector. The old entry must be so marked so that the RAM lookup table 17 may be accurately constructed after power is removed and reapplied.
  • the normal manner in which the writing of data takes place is as follows. Each sector of data is provided by the host with the number of the cylinder, head, and sector to which it is to be written.
  • the microprocessor uses a conversion equation to change this value from the format used by an electro-mechanical drive to a logical sector number for use by the controller 14.
  • the controller 14 looks up the logical sector number in the table 17 and finds the physical position of the sector in the array.
  • the controller finds the sector header in the block of the array on which it is positioned. The first time any sector is written, the header will be one which describes the sector as having no data attached (the low level format condition).
  • the controller 14 marks the old sector header invalid, then assigns free space (space not already assigned to a sector) on some block of the array to the sector, and writes a new header to the free space.
  • This header includes, among other things, the logical sector number, a pointer to a position on the block at which the data will commence, and an indication that data is attached.
  • the controller then writes the data furnished by the host to the data space at the new entry position for the sector.
  • the controller 14 then updates the table 17 with the new physical position of the sector.
  • each block of the array will after some time have a number of entries which are marked dirty and cannot be used for storage.
  • the amount of dirty space in the array will mount as the array is used to store data.
  • a sufficient number of blocks will be filled that it will be desirable to release space by moving the valid information from some especially dirty block to some other block and erasing the entire block from which the valid information has been derived.
  • the process of writing valid data to other blocks and erasing a dirty block is referred to as "cleaning up a block" and has the effect of freeing an additional number of sectors equal to all of the sectors on the erased block which have previously been marked as dirty. This process is run by the microprocessor of the controller 14.
  • the dirtiest block of the array is chosen for erasure. This allows the smallest amount of valid data to be moved from the block being erased to another block of the array.
  • the process is essentially similar to that by which data is written by the host except that the header of a sector is not completed until the valid data has been moved.
  • the controller picks a block of the array to clean up. It finds a block of the array having free space. For each valid sector on the block being erased, the controller writes a header on the block containing the free space which header includes only a pointer to the position for the data for that sector. The controller 14 then writes the valid data from the old sector on the block being cleaned up.
  • the controller When the data has been written, the controller completes the header with the logical sector number and the valid indication from the old header, and invalidates the old header. This delay in completing the header allows changes which occur during the period in which the cleanup write operation is taking place to be taken care of without any loss of data. For example, a power loss leaves data available at the old position even though the write is not completed.
  • the controller then updates the table 17 for the sector and goes to the next valid sector on the block being cleaned up.
  • Sectors are marked dirty only when revised information is written to a sector or when the cleanup process moves valid data from a sector during the cleanup process.
  • Sectors are not marked dirty when an operating system using a process such as the DOS "delete" process marks a table such as the file allocation table kept by DOS to indicate that the file has been deleted. Consequently, data cannot be written to space held in sectors of the array which have been marked free by the host in the file allocation table until the block on which those sectors reside has been erased.
  • the sectors allocated to a file which has been "deleted" by the operating system continue as valid sectors within the flash EEPROM memory array. It is not until the host attempts to write to these supposedly free sectors that they are marked dirty. Consequently, the data in each of these sectors will continue to occupy space in the array which might be otherwise used.
  • the controller 14 is compressing data furnished to the array by the host computer at a rate which is less than the compression rate expected, then the array may begin to use the extra free space necessary to accomplish the programming and cleanup processes. Ultimately, the array may run out of storage space while the host computer still believes space is available because space still exists in the file allocation table. Because the host computer is unable to handle this situation, some process by which a flash memory array may release space to allow continued programming and cleanup is required for a flash memory array using embedded compression.
  • the deattaching process makes use of the "data not attached" bit which may be set in the header of a sector during the process of formatting the array.
  • the deattach process in essence, rewrites a valid sector from which data is to be deattached to a new position in free space in the array.
  • the header of this new rewritten entry has the "data not attached” bit set, and the data is not transferred from the old entry.
  • the old sector entry which includes the data is invalidated, and the table 17 is updated. Invalidating the old sector entry and rewriting the sector header without data will cause the data to disappear when the cleanup process is run to erase data in invalid sectors.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the details of the deattach process referred to above.
  • the process selects a first sector number (preferrably from a list of sectors containing information which is no longer useful) and signals the controller 14 to write that sector "with no data attached.”
  • the controller 14 searches the lookup table 17 for the physical position of the sector specified. When it finds the physical position, the controller 14 seeks the sector in the memory array. The controller 14 marks the header of the old sector as invalid. Next the controller writes the sector in free space in the memory array as a header with the "no data attached" bit set. No data is written to the new position of the sector.
  • the controller 14 updates the table 17 with the new physical position of the sector. This writing of sectors without data attached continues until all of the sectors desired have been handled in this manner.
  • the deattaching process may be utilized by the process of the present invention to eliminate the problem caused by lack of free space when a hardware compressor/decompressor circuit is used by the array.
  • the process of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 4(a) and (b). Beginning with FIG. 4(b), the process keeps track of the free space available in the array and stores that value in a table 12 kept in random access memory 16. The process tracks the amount of free space by running a process on the microprocessor of the controller 14 which subtracts from the total amount of space available, the amount of space used by both valid and invalid sectors.
  • a first signal is provided by the controller 14 to the host computer.
  • This signal is sent by the host computer to the user so that the user may run a modified "delete” process illustrated in FIG. 4(a) (hereinafter referred to as an "Fdelete” process) on the host.
  • Associated with the Fdelete process is a terminate and stay resident process run on the host computer which stores a table of files in host memory which have been deleted by the user using the delete command or the Fdelete command. This is accomplished by writing to the table the file name and the sectors allocated to that file when the file allocation table is searched in response to a delete or Fdelete operation.
  • the files are stored by file and by the host designation for the sectors of that file.
  • the Fdelete process begins with the selection of a command (e.g., Fdelete) to initiate the process.
  • the command initiates the normal DOS delete command (or similar commands of another operating system) in which the file allocation table is searched to determine the sectors allocated to the file (or files) to be deleted and marks those sectors as free in the file allocation table.
  • the Fdelete process stores the numbers of the sectors which the delete process found were a part of the file in a table in memory. This table may be stored in memory in the host computer.
  • a file to be deleted is designated and the command is given.
  • the command causes the host operating system "delete" process to be run and the list of sectors designated as deleted to be accumulated in the table stored by the terminate and stay resident process.
  • the deattach process is activated.
  • the sectors stored in the table are furnished to the deattach process one by one, each with the deattach command; and the deattach process writes each such sector to free space without data attached and invalidates the old sector. This allows the cleanup process to immediately cleanup the block(s) of the array storing the deattached sectors and provide free space for storing the additional compressed data.
  • the first signal generated by the microprocessor of the controller 14 when the amount of free space falls below a first predetermined level may be used to automatically run the Fdelete process for any sectors already stored in the table of deleted files in host memory. This automatically frees space in the flash EEPROM array by deattaching any sectors previously deleted by the user whether the user elects to delete additional files or not in response to the first signal.
  • a second enhancement to the process is one by which the Fdelete process does not activate the deattach process so that it begin deattaching sectors until a prescribed number of files have accumulated in the table. When the prescribed number is reached, the deattach process is run beginning with the earliest deleted file. This enhancement allows files which have been "deleted" in the file allocation table to be recovered before they are actually removed from the array. This second enhancement could also be included with the first enhancement mentioned above so that files are not automatically deattached when the first signal is received (even though deleted in the file allocation table) until a prescribed number is reached.
  • the process as described to this point will free space in the array which may be used to store additional compressed data.
  • the process run by the microprocessor of the controller 14 continues to measure the amount of free space.
  • the process of this invention generates a second signal to the host computer. This signal is sent by the host to the user in a manner to be sure to elicit a response from the user. Flashing lights, ringing sounds, or indications on the display may be used.
  • the user may then run the Fdelete process to free space in the array as described above so that the compressed data may be written to the array.
  • the two enhancements described above may also be included for responding to the second signal. That is, the second signal generated by the controller 14 may be used to automatically initiate the Fdelete process on the host for any sectors which have already been deleted. The accumulation of sectors in the table in host memory until a certain level is reached before activating the deattach process may also be implemented for the Fdelete process. Alternatively, since the amount of free space is so low by the time the second signal is generated, the process of this invention may override any accumulation of files set for the Fdelete process and automatically deattach all files which have been deleted by the host operating system.
  • the process as described to this point will again free space in the array which may be used to store additional compressed data.
  • the process run by the microprocessor of the controller 14 continues to measure the amount of free space.
  • the process of this invention generates a third signal. This signal disables all write and erase operations operations by the command state machine of the controller 14 and allows only read operations to continue. The signal may also be sent to the host computer to indicate to the user that write operations have been terminated.

Abstract

A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array in which data furnished by a host computer is stored in compressed form so that memory space used for the sectors may be used to store new data. The flash EEPROM memory array includes a plurality of individually erasable blocks and stores sectors of data in such blocks with a header providing a logical sector number, an indication of validity of data stored. The process stores a list of files and sectors which have been deleted by a host computer in a first table in host memory, stores a value indicating an amount of free space remaining in the flash EEPROM memory array, provides a first signal to the host computer when the value indicating the amount of free space falls below a first predetermined value to indicate that sectors listed in the first table should be released, and provides a second signal when the value indicating the amount of free space falls below a second predetermined value to terminate writes to and erasures of the array.

Description

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/969,759, filed Oct. 30, 1992, abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to flash electrically-erasable programmable read-only memories (flash EEPROM) and, more particularly, to methods for releasing portions of such arrays in which data of less value is stored so that more important data may be written to such arrays in compressed form.
2. History of the Prior Art
Modern computer systems make extensive use of long term memory. Typically this memory is provided by one or more electro-mechanical hard (fixed) disk drives made of flat circular magnetic disks which rotate about a central axis and which have a mechanical arm to write to or to read from positions on the magnetic disk. Hard disk drives are very useful and have become almost a necessity to the operation of personal computers. However, such electro-mechanical drives are relatively heavy, require a significant amount of space within a computer, require a significant amount of the power in use, and are very susceptible to shock. A hard drive within a portable computer which is dropped is quite likely to cease functioning with a catastrophic loss of data.
Recently, forms of long term storage other than electro-mechanical hard disk drives have become feasible for use in computers. One of these is flash EEPROM. A flash EEPROM memory array includes a large plurality of floating-gate field effect transistors arranged as memory cells in typical row and column fashion with circuitry for accessing the individual cells and placing the memory transistors of those cells in one of two memory conditions. A flash memory cell, like a typical EPROM cell retains information when power is removed. Flash EEPROM memory has a number of attributes which adapt it to use as long term memory. It is light in weight, occupies very little space, and consumes less power than electro-mechanical disk drives. More importantly, it is especially rugged. It will withstand without adverse effects repeated drops each of which would destroy a typical electro-mechanical hard disk drive.
A peculiarity of flash EEPROM, however, is that it is erased by applying a high voltage simultaneously to the source terminals of all of the transistors (cells) used in a large portion of the array. Because these source terminals are all connected to one another in the array by metallic busing, the entire portion of the array must be erased at once. While an electro-mechanical hard disk drive will typically store information in a first area of the disk and then rewrite that same area of the disk when the information changes, this is not possible with a flash memory array without erasing all of the valid information that remains in that portion of the array along with the invalid (dirty) information.
Because of this, a different arrangement may be advantageously used for rewriting data and erasing dirty sectors of a flash EEPROM array. In a recently devised arrangement, the entire array is divided into smaller separately erasable blocks so that when a block is erased the amount of valid data which must be reprogrammed is reduced. Such an array is composed of a number of silicon chips; and each such chip includes a number of such blocks. Then, when the information at a data entry changes, the changed information is written to a new sector on an available block rather than written over the old data; and the old data is marked dirty. After a sufficient number of sectors on a block have been marked dirty, the entire block is erased. When erasure occurs, all of the valid data in the block to be erased is written to a new block; and then the dirty block is erased and put back into use as a clean block of memory. Because of this involved erasure process, it typically takes as much as two seconds to erase a block of a flash EEPROM array. However, because erasure need not occur with each entry which is rewritten, erasure may be delayed until a block contains a sufficient amount of dirty information that cleanup is feasible. This reduces the number of erasure operations to a minimum and allows erasure to occur in the background when the facilities for controlling the array are not otherwise occupied with reading and writing. Such an arrangement is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 969,131, entitled Method And Circuitry For A Solid State Memory Disk, S. Wells, filed Oct. 30, 1992, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
One embodiment of the flash EEPROM array has been designed to include a hardware compressor/decompressor so that it may store more data. A problem occurs in using such a memory array to store compressed data. The Microsoft DOS operating system (hereinafter DOS) allocates long term memory space through the use of a file allocation table associated with the particular memory hardware. When an electro-mechanical hard disk drive is first put into use, it is divided into sectors each of a fixed size and residing at a fixed place on the drive media. Each sector is numbered. The file allocation table is a way for the DOS operating system to figure out which sectors on a disk are used for a file. The file allocation table is a linked list that maps the file to the sectors; each link in the list includes a number of sectors allocated to a particular file and points to a next link. The DOS system typically saves the file allocation table on the disk with which the table is associated. The allocation of sectors in the file allocation table is the way in which the operating system determines how much memory space is available in the array. Other systems operate similarly.
However, when a flash EEPROM memory array which uses internal hardware compression is used with an operating system, an estimate of the average compression rate is used to determine an array size which is used by the operating system in establishing a file allocation table. The operating system creates a file allocation table of a particular size presuming that there are a particular number of sectors in the array. The memory array size furnished presumes that compression will occur at the average rate. If compression occurs at a lesser rate with particular data, then there will be significantly less storage space available than the operating system believes is available.
Unlike electro-mechanical hard disk drives, each block of a flash EEPROM memory array must be erased before new data may be written to it. When compressed data is being written to a flash EEPROM memory array at a lower than average compression rate so that insufficient space is available in the array for the data, there is no process for determining that this is occurring and for releasing data stored in a flash EEPROM memory array immediately so that there will be sufficient room to store the compressed data. An attempt to write a large amount of data compressed at a rate lower than average will cause the array to return a general disk write error signal. At that point, some method for releasing space in a flash memory array immediately is necessary if the new data is to be written to the array.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a method for releasing allocated space in a flash EEPROM memory array when compressed data is written to the array at a compression rate different than expected.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for releasing space in a flash EEPROM memory array in response to a command so that additional space will be available for compressed data.
These and other objects of the present invention are realized in a method for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array which includes a plurality of individually erasable blocks and stores sectors of data in such blocks with a header providing a logical sector number, an indication of validity of data stored, and an indication of whether data is stored with the header, so that the storage area may be used for new data. The process includes the steps of accumulating a list of sectors deleted by an operating system, monitoring the storage space available in a flash EEPROM memory array, selecting a sector with data to be released when the free storage space available in a flash EEPROM memory array is less than a predetermined amount, finding a header of a sector with data to be released, setting the indication of validity of the data stored to indicate that the data is invalid, writing a new header for the sector to a new position in the array without data and with an indication that data is not attached, and repeating the operation for each sector on the list of sectors deleted by the operating system until the free storage space available in a flash EEPROM memory array is greater than a predetermined amount.
These and other objects and features of the invention will be better understood by reference to the detailed description which follows taken together with the drawings in which like elements are referred to by like designations throughout the several views.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a flash EEPROM memory array in which the present invention may be used.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an individual block of the flash EEPROM memory array of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method for deattaching sectors used in practicing the invention.
FIGS. 4(a) and (b) are flow charts of two processes which may be used together to practice the present invention.
NOTATION AND NOMENCLATURE
Some portions of the detailed descriptions which follow are presented in terms of symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities.
Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms, such as adding or comparing, which are commonly associated with mental operations performed by a human operator. No such capability of a human operator is necessary or desirable in most cases in any of the operations described herein which form part of the present invention; the operations are machine operations. In all cases the distinction between the method operations in operating a computer and the method of computation itself should be borne in mind. The present invention relates to a method for operating a computer in processing electrical or other (e.g. mechanical, chemical) physical signals to generate other desired physical signals.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated in block diagram form a flash EEPROM memory array 10 in which the present invention may be practiced. The array 10 includes a plurality of blocks B0-B15 of flash EEPROM memory. Each block includes floating-gate field effect transistor memory devices or cells (not shown) arranged in typical row and column fashion and having circuitry arranged for selecting any particular block of memory and any particular row and column so that the memory device at that position may be written or read. The details of the layout of transistor memory arrays and the associated accessing circuitry are well known to those skilled in the art and are, therefore, not shown here.
Flash EEPROM memory is essentially an EPROM array with facilities provided so that when divided into blocks in the manner illustrated an entire block of N-type memory cells may be erased by a high voltage value applied simultaneously to the source terminals of all the memory transistors of the block. Such an erasure places each of the cells in the one condition. When in that condition, a zero or a one may be written to a cell. A one leaves the cell in the same one condition while a zero switches the cell to the zero condition. A cell cannot be switched back from the zero condition to the one condition without the application at its source terminal of the high value of voltage required for erasure. Since all source terminals of the memory transistors of a block are joined together, a cell in a zero state remains in that state until the entire block of the array is erased once again.
In the array 10 illustrated in FIG. 1, blocks B0-B15 of memory are shown positioned on a first chip 11 of the array 10. Additional silicon chips 11 each hold additional blocks of the array 10 to provide a total number of blocks sufficient to furnish the desired size of memory array.
Once any one of the blocks has been erased, data may be written to any position on the entire block. When, a host begins writing (in a manner to be described) the data to be stored in the array (such as an application program) to some block of the array having free space, the data to be stored in the array 10 is written sequentially, sector by sector, to the free space in this first block until that block has been filled with data. Then writing proceeds to the next sequential block having free space. At any point after writing is completed, the information may be read back from the array 10 by interrogating the block and sector at which the data is stored.
When updated information is to be written to a sector which already contains information, in contrast to the prior art, the new information is written to new or newly-erased free space on some one of the blocks of the array 10. This, rather than writing over the old information, occurs because the old information can only be rewritten if the entire block on which it is stored is first erased. To erase an entire block without destroying valid data would entail copying all of the valid data to another block of the array 10, erasing the original block, rewriting the valid data back to the original block, then rewriting the updated data over the old entry on the original block. Instead the updated information is written to a new position on a different unfilled block (e.g., block B7), and the old position is marked invalid (dirty). A block is usually not erased until a large number of dirty sectors exist and the number of valid sectors on that block which must be saved is substantially reduced.
Because of this arrangement by which data is replaced in the array by writing it to a different physical position, the sector number which is used to indicate where data is stored is really a logical sector number. In order to allow the use of logical sector numbers, a lookup table 17 listing logical sector numbers against physical sector positions is utilized with the array 10 so that the physical position in the array 10 at which any particular logical sector exists may be determined.
Also, because of this arrangement by which data is replaced, each block of the array will after some time have a number of entries which are marked invalid and cannot be used for storage. Consequently, as the array 10 fills with data, a point will come when it is necessary to clear out invalid data from a block in order to provide space for new data to be stored. Typically, the dirtiest block of the array 10 is chosen for erasure. This allows the smallest amount of valid data to be moved to another block of the array from the block to be erased. Once the valid data is written to another block and the new physical addresses are recorded in the lookup table 17, the block from which the information was read is erased. It is then placed back into operation as an entirely clean block.
FIG. 2 is an idealized drawing which illustrates one arrangement of an individual block of the array 10 and is useful in describing the way data is stored. A typical block 20 is illustrated as a rectangular area. The area includes a plurality of transistor devices typically arranged in rows and columns to provide the desired storage. The individual transistors and the various column and row select lines and other conductors for operating the block are not illustrated but are well known to those skilled in the art of designing flash memory.
As may be seen in FIG. 2, data is stored in the block 20 beginning at the top of the block and near to the bottom. At the top of the block 20 are stored the logical sector numbers used by the operating system as addresses for the data in an identification field referred to as a sector translation table or "header." For example, a first sector number 58112 is stored as a part of the first header at the top. In the header with the sector number are stored a pointer value and a set of attributes among other things. The attributes included in one embodiment are an indication of the validity of the entry, a revision number, an indication whether the data is compressed or not, and a bit which indicates whether the entry includes data. The indication of the validity of the entry stores at least one bit which indicates valid when it is a one value and invalid when it is a zero value; in one embodiment, two bits are used and both must be ones to indicate a valid entry. The revision number is, in one embodiment, a four bit number. The bit which indicates whether the entry includes data or not is utilized to allow sectors to be created without data. This is the initial state of sectors on a block when the array is first formatted. This allows information regarding the condition of sectors to be transferred to the host even though those sectors have not been used or are not presently in use.
The pointer value points to a physical address on the block 20 which is an offset from the beginning of the block at which the data for logical sector 58112 is stored. An arrow in FIG. 2 illustrates this physical position at which the first byte of data for the logical sector is stored. In the case of logical sector 58112, which is the first sector on the block 20, the data is written from the byte at the position indicated by the pointer stored with the sector number 58112 in the header to a point at the beginning of the entire data storage area which is marked by a beginning pointer value illustrated by an arrow extending from the upper left hand corner of the block 20. FIG. 2 also shows a second logical sector 5 and its pointer directed to a physical position on the block 20 which stores the first byte of the data for sector 5.
Because of this manner of providing data storage space for a sector, the amount of data written to a logical sector is not fixed and may vary. However, a sector may be of any size less than a typical 512 bytes in one embodiment. Since the data for each new sector is written in all of the rows immediately above the data for the last-written sector, only a trivial amount of data space is wasted. This storage design allows data to be compressed. When the data being sent to storage is compressed, the amount of storage space normally left empty in a fixed size storage arrangement may be eliminated. To indicate that the data is compressed, the compression bit in the header is set.
The header for a third logical sector number 867 is also shown; this sector includes an indication "WOD" (without data) that "no data is attached." By the use of this indication, the header may be positioned on a block of the array, yet the space usually allocated for data is not used. This allows various information about the sector to be transferred to the host without a great deal of space being used. A header requires only four words (eight bytes) of memory in the array whereas a sector of data may use as much as 512 bytes of memory in addition to the data space.
As was pointed out above, the physical position of the sector is stored with the logical sector number in a lookup table 17 (which is preferably held in random access memory 16). The physical position includes the chip number, the block, and the offset for retrieving the data. The data stored in any sector of the block 20 may be retrieved by retrieving the physical position of the logical sector number from the table 17 in random access memory, going to the position on the block 20 where the sector number is stored, and retrieving the pointer to the beginning position of the data and the pointer to the beginning position of the sector whose number is stored immediately above the sector number being retrieved. These two values determine the starting and ending positions (its size) for the sector the data of which is sought.
An arrangement has been devised to control the operation of the programming, reading, and erasing of the flash EEPROM memory array. This arrangement is shown as a read/write control circuit 14 in FIG. 1. The control circuit 14 utilizes a microprocessor such as the Intel 80188 processor to execute various processes stored in read only memory within the control circuit 14. These processes utilize random access memory 16 to provide various services which allow the array 10 to be utilized as long term storage in the manner described. One of these processes may cause a hardware compressor/decompressor circuit 53 shown as a portion of the control circuit 14 to compress data being sent to the array 10. The details of such a circuit 53 are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, a hardware compressor/decompressor referred to as the Stacker AT/16 Coprocessor Card is marketed by Stac Electronics, 5993 Avenida Encinas, Carlsbad, Calif.
The control circuit 14 shown in FIG. 1 is also illustrated as including a command state machine which provides a command interface between the control circuit 14 and the flash EEPROM memory array. In one embodiment, the command state machine and the write state machine actually reside on each of the chips 11. The command state machine controls the programming, reading, and erasing of the flash EEPROM memory array. The command state machine using the write state machine sequences the data flow to and from the array to ensure that the writing to, the reading from, and the erasure of the array occur in proper order. The microprocessor of the controller 14 controls the transfer of information between the host and the array and runs processes to provide services to the array; in doing so, the microprocessor may make use of various operations provided by the command state machine. Details of the command state machine and the write state machine are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/655,643, entitled Command State Machine, Fandrich et al, filed Feb. 11, 1991, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/654,375, entitled Circuitry and Method For Programming and Erasing A Non-volatile Semiconductor Memory, Kynett et al, filed Feb. 11, 1991, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
Because it controls all information passed between the host and the command state machine interface to the memory array, the microprocessor of the control circuit 14 is able to control the operations so that the external host which is writing to and receiving information from the flash array is typically not aware that an erasure is taking place even though the erasure requires one or two seconds.
When a flash EEPROM memory array described is manufactured for use in place of an electro-mechanical hard disk drive, it typically receives low level formatting. This low level formatting stores on the blocks of the array data to define all of the logical sectors which may exist in a drive of the particular size. For example, one embodiment of a forty megabyte drive will have approximately 83,000 sectors placed on a first number of blocks, approximately the first forty blocks of the 240 blocks available in this array will hold such preformatted sectors. In this embodiment, a limited number of sectors (2047 in one embodiment) may be placed on each of a first number of the blocks of the array; the remaining blocks contain free space. Each of these sectors has a logical sector number and the remainder of the information necessary to complete the header fields. However, since none of the sectors includes data at this point in time, the data attached bit of the attribute field indicates that no data is attached to the sector.
Each time power is applied to the array, a process run by the microprocessor of the controller 14 reviews all of the blocks of the array and compiles the table 17 from the valid logical sector entries found. These valid logical sector numbers are listed in the table 17 along with the physical offset, block, and chip at which they are positioned. Since the addressing scheme used treats the host address as a logical address and records that logical address along with the physical position in the table 17 in random access memory 16, this table 17 must be updated whenever data is written to the array. The writing of changed data to a new physical address requires that the lookup table entry in table 17 be updated with the new physical position of the sector in the array and that the old entry on the block to be erased be marked as invalid by marking the invalid bit(s) of the header for that sector. The old entry must be so marked so that the RAM lookup table 17 may be accurately constructed after power is removed and reapplied.
The normal manner in which the writing of data takes place is as follows. Each sector of data is provided by the host with the number of the cylinder, head, and sector to which it is to be written. The microprocessor uses a conversion equation to change this value from the format used by an electro-mechanical drive to a logical sector number for use by the controller 14. The controller 14 looks up the logical sector number in the table 17 and finds the physical position of the sector in the array. The controller then finds the sector header in the block of the array on which it is positioned. The first time any sector is written, the header will be one which describes the sector as having no data attached (the low level format condition). The controller 14 marks the old sector header invalid, then assigns free space (space not already assigned to a sector) on some block of the array to the sector, and writes a new header to the free space. This header includes, among other things, the logical sector number, a pointer to a position on the block at which the data will commence, and an indication that data is attached. The controller then writes the data furnished by the host to the data space at the new entry position for the sector. The controller 14 then updates the table 17 with the new physical position of the sector.
This places the table 17 in condition so that the changed (new information) may be recovered. This also leaves the old sector marked invalid so that it may be cleaned up when a sufficient number of sectors on the block have been marked dirty.
Because the space marked dirty on a block cannot be released for use until the entire block is erased, each block of the array will after some time have a number of entries which are marked dirty and cannot be used for storage. Thus, the amount of dirty space in the array will mount as the array is used to store data. After some period of time, a sufficient number of blocks will be filled that it will be desirable to release space by moving the valid information from some especially dirty block to some other block and erasing the entire block from which the valid information has been derived. The process of writing valid data to other blocks and erasing a dirty block is referred to as "cleaning up a block" and has the effect of freeing an additional number of sectors equal to all of the sectors on the erased block which have previously been marked as dirty. This process is run by the microprocessor of the controller 14.
Typically, when cleanup takes place, the dirtiest block of the array is chosen for erasure. This allows the smallest amount of valid data to be moved from the block being erased to another block of the array. The process is essentially similar to that by which data is written by the host except that the header of a sector is not completed until the valid data has been moved. The controller picks a block of the array to clean up. It finds a block of the array having free space. For each valid sector on the block being erased, the controller writes a header on the block containing the free space which header includes only a pointer to the position for the data for that sector. The controller 14 then writes the valid data from the old sector on the block being cleaned up. When the data has been written, the controller completes the header with the logical sector number and the valid indication from the old header, and invalidates the old header. This delay in completing the header allows changes which occur during the period in which the cleanup write operation is taking place to be taken care of without any loss of data. For example, a power loss leaves data available at the old position even though the write is not completed. The controller then updates the table 17 for the sector and goes to the next valid sector on the block being cleaned up.
Once all of the valid information has been written to another block(s) and the new physical addresses have been recorded in the lookup table 17, the block from which the information was read is erased. It is then placed back into operation as an entirely clean block of free space. The cleanup process is described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 969,760, entitled A Method Of Cleaning Up A Solid State Memory Disk Storing Floating Sector Data, S. Wells, filed Oct. 30, 1992, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
In order to allow this cleanup operation to occur, some number of blocks must be kept in reserve to be used when cleanup is necessary. It is important that this free space be available or the cleanup operation cannot occur and the array will cease to function correctly. In one arrangement in which the present invention is utilized, fourteen blocks of 240 blocks available are used to provide sufficient space for both continuing write operations and for cleanup operations.
As will be understood from the above discussion, it is only sectors which are marked dirty which are erased. Sectors are marked dirty only when revised information is written to a sector or when the cleanup process moves valid data from a sector during the cleanup process. Sectors are not marked dirty when an operating system using a process such as the DOS "delete" process marks a table such as the file allocation table kept by DOS to indicate that the file has been deleted. Consequently, data cannot be written to space held in sectors of the array which have been marked free by the host in the file allocation table until the block on which those sectors reside has been erased. When the user desires to remove the data from the array, all that has occurred using the prior art "delete" process is that the file allocation table kept by the host operating system has been marked to indicate that the space is free; however, the sectors in the block of flash memory are still marked valid and cannot be overwritten.
The sectors allocated to a file which has been "deleted" by the operating system continue as valid sectors within the flash EEPROM memory array. It is not until the host attempts to write to these supposedly free sectors that they are marked dirty. Consequently, the data in each of these sectors will continue to occupy space in the array which might be otherwise used.
As was pointed out above, this is not normally a problem. However, if the controller 14 is compressing data furnished to the array by the host computer at a rate which is less than the compression rate expected, then the array may begin to use the extra free space necessary to accomplish the programming and cleanup processes. Ultimately, the array may run out of storage space while the host computer still believes space is available because space still exists in the file allocation table. Because the host computer is unable to handle this situation, some process by which a flash memory array may release space to allow continued programming and cleanup is required for a flash memory array using embedded compression.
There is a process available to the control circuit 14 which releases space allocated to useless data. However, this process was not designed to release space for an array using embedded compression; instead it is designed to allow an increase in the efficiency of the cleanup operation which has been described above. This "deattaching" process may be used to eliminate waste space allocated to sectors which have been deleted so that the sectors are not moved about the array with each cleanup operation on the block in which they are situated. This process is described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 969,466, entitled Method for Deattaching Sectors In a Flash EEPROM Memory Array, filed 30 Oct. 1992, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
In general, the deattaching process makes use of the "data not attached" bit which may be set in the header of a sector during the process of formatting the array. The deattach process, in essence, rewrites a valid sector from which data is to be deattached to a new position in free space in the array. The header of this new rewritten entry has the "data not attached" bit set, and the data is not transferred from the old entry. Then the old sector entry which includes the data is invalidated, and the table 17 is updated. Invalidating the old sector entry and rewriting the sector header without data will cause the data to disappear when the cleanup process is run to erase data in invalid sectors. Since an operating system such as DOS attempts to write the data in a file to sequential sectors of a hard disk drive so that access to that data will be more rapid, the sectors of a file are usually stored adjacent one another in a block or blocks of a flash EEPROM memory array. Consequently, the cleanup process will occur rapidly whenever the sectors of a sufficiently large file are deattached. This will immediately release for each sector so deattached on the block, space equal to the space occupied by the data which was stored. It will be understood by those skilled the art that this deattaching process increases the efficiency of the operation of the above-described flash EEPROM memory array.
FIG. 3 illustrates the details of the deattach process referred to above. The process selects a first sector number (preferrably from a list of sectors containing information which is no longer useful) and signals the controller 14 to write that sector "with no data attached." For each selected sector, the controller 14 searches the lookup table 17 for the physical position of the sector specified. When it finds the physical position, the controller 14 seeks the sector in the memory array. The controller 14 marks the header of the old sector as invalid. Next the controller writes the sector in free space in the memory array as a header with the "no data attached" bit set. No data is written to the new position of the sector. For each sector, the controller 14 then updates the table 17 with the new physical position of the sector. This writing of sectors without data attached continues until all of the sectors desired have been handled in this manner.
When any block containing the invalid sectors produced by the deattaching process becomes sufficiently dirty (as soon as the deattach process is complete for a large group of sectors), the cleanup process will write the valid data remaining on the block to free space and erase the entire block. Thus, the cleanup process releases the space allocated to data in the dirty sectors of a block which has been cleaned up to free space.
It has been discovered that the deattaching process may be utilized by the process of the present invention to eliminate the problem caused by lack of free space when a hardware compressor/decompressor circuit is used by the array. The process of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 4(a) and (b). Beginning with FIG. 4(b), the process keeps track of the free space available in the array and stores that value in a table 12 kept in random access memory 16. The process tracks the amount of free space by running a process on the microprocessor of the controller 14 which subtracts from the total amount of space available, the amount of space used by both valid and invalid sectors. When the amount of free space in the array falls below some predetermined amount which in one embodiment is one-half (seven blocks) of the allotted amount of safety space (fourteen blocks), a first signal is provided by the controller 14 to the host computer. This signal is sent by the host computer to the user so that the user may run a modified "delete" process illustrated in FIG. 4(a) (hereinafter referred to as an "Fdelete" process) on the host.
Associated with the Fdelete process is a terminate and stay resident process run on the host computer which stores a table of files in host memory which have been deleted by the user using the delete command or the Fdelete command. This is accomplished by writing to the table the file name and the sectors allocated to that file when the file allocation table is searched in response to a delete or Fdelete operation. The files are stored by file and by the host designation for the sectors of that file.
The Fdelete process begins with the selection of a command (e.g., Fdelete) to initiate the process. The command initiates the normal DOS delete command (or similar commands of another operating system) in which the file allocation table is searched to determine the sectors allocated to the file (or files) to be deleted and marks those sectors as free in the file allocation table. Next the Fdelete process stores the numbers of the sectors which the delete process found were a part of the file in a table in memory. This table may be stored in memory in the host computer.
When the Fdelete process is run by a user, a file to be deleted is designated and the command is given. The command causes the host operating system "delete" process to be run and the list of sectors designated as deleted to be accumulated in the table stored by the terminate and stay resident process. After the delete process is run (or as soon as sectors are accumulated in the table depending on the embodiment), the deattach process is activated. The sectors stored in the table are furnished to the deattach process one by one, each with the deattach command; and the deattach process writes each such sector to free space without data attached and invalidates the old sector. This allows the cleanup process to immediately cleanup the block(s) of the array storing the deattached sectors and provide free space for storing the additional compressed data.
Two enhancements may be added to the process of the invention at this point. First, the first signal generated by the microprocessor of the controller 14 when the amount of free space falls below a first predetermined level may be used to automatically run the Fdelete process for any sectors already stored in the table of deleted files in host memory. This automatically frees space in the flash EEPROM array by deattaching any sectors previously deleted by the user whether the user elects to delete additional files or not in response to the first signal.
A second enhancement to the process is one by which the Fdelete process does not activate the deattach process so that it begin deattaching sectors until a prescribed number of files have accumulated in the table. When the prescribed number is reached, the deattach process is run beginning with the earliest deleted file. This enhancement allows files which have been "deleted" in the file allocation table to be recovered before they are actually removed from the array. This second enhancement could also be included with the first enhancement mentioned above so that files are not automatically deattached when the first signal is received (even though deleted in the file allocation table) until a prescribed number is reached.
As will be seen by those skilled in the art, the process as described to this point will free space in the array which may be used to store additional compressed data. However, presuming that a user does not delete files using the Fdelete command, or that the enhancement for automatically deattaching already deleted files is not enabled, or (if enabled) that already deleted files do not exist, then the process run by the microprocessor of the controller 14 continues to measure the amount of free space. When the free space becomes less than a second predetermined amount still sufficient to run the processes of the array, the process of this invention generates a second signal to the host computer. This signal is sent by the host to the user in a manner to be sure to elicit a response from the user. Flashing lights, ringing sounds, or indications on the display may be used. Presumably, The user may then run the Fdelete process to free space in the array as described above so that the compressed data may be written to the array.
The two enhancements described above may also be included for responding to the second signal. That is, the second signal generated by the controller 14 may be used to automatically initiate the Fdelete process on the host for any sectors which have already been deleted. The accumulation of sectors in the table in host memory until a certain level is reached before activating the deattach process may also be implemented for the Fdelete process. Alternatively, since the amount of free space is so low by the time the second signal is generated, the process of this invention may override any accumulation of files set for the Fdelete process and automatically deattach all files which have been deleted by the host operating system.
As will be seen by those skilled in the art, the process as described to this point will again free space in the array which may be used to store additional compressed data. However, presuming that a user still does not delete files using the Fdelete command, or that the enhancement for automatically deattaching already deleted files is not enabled, or that already deleted files do not exist, then the process run by the microprocessor of the controller 14 continues to measure the amount of free space. When the free space becomes less than a third predetermined amount which is still just sufficient to run the processes of the array, the process of this invention generates a third signal. This signal disables all write and erase operations operations by the command state machine of the controller 14 and allows only read operations to continue. The signal may also be sent to the host computer to indicate to the user that write operations have been terminated.
Although the present invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated that various modifications and alterations might be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The invention should therefore be measured in terms of the claims which follow.

Claims (16)

What is claimed is:
1. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array in which data furnished by a host computer is stored in compressed form so that memory space used for the sectors may be used to store new data, the flash EEPROM memory array including a plurality of individually erasable blocks and storing sectors of data in such blocks with a header providing a logical sector number, an indication of validity of data stored, the process comprising the steps of:
storing a list of files and sectors which have been deleted by a host computer in a first table in host memory,
storing a value indicating an amount of free space remaining in the flash EEPROM memory array,
providing a first signal to the host computer when the value indicating the amount of free space falls below a first predetermined value to indicate that sectors listed in the first table should be released, and
providing a second signal when the value indicating the amount of free space falls below a second predetermined value.
2. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the step of responding to the second signal by disabling write and erase operations in the flash EEPROM memory array.
3. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a third signal to the host computer when the value indicating the amount of free space falls below a third predetermined value which is less than the first predetermined value but greater than the second predetermined value to indicate that it is more urgent that sectors listed in the first table be released than when the first signal was given.
4. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the step of responding to the first signal by automatically releasing the data allotted to a predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table.
5. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 4 in which the step of responding to the first signal by automatically releasing the data allotted to a predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table comprises the steps of writing any valid data remaining in a selected portion of the flash EEPROM memory array having a predetermined number of headers specified as invalid to free space in the flash EEPROM memory array, and
erasing the entire selected portion of the flash EEPROM memory array.
6. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 4 in which the step of responding to the first signal by automatically releasing the data allotted to a predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table comprises the steps of:
selecting a first sector from the first table,
searching a second table for a physical position of a sector selected,
seeking a sector specified by a physical position of a sector selected,
marking a header of a sector specified by a physical position of a sector selected as invalid,
writing a new header for a sector selected in free space in the flash EEPROM memory array without data,
updating the second table with a new physical position of a new header for a sector specified by the first designation, and
repeating the process from the step of selecting a first designation for a sector from the first table until the predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table have been released.
7. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 4 in which the predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table is all of the sectors listed in the first table.
8. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 4 in which the predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table is selected to leave a number of sectors equal to at least one host computer file in the first table.
9. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 3 further comprising the step of responding to the third signal by automatically releasing the data allotted to a predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table.
10. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 9 in which the step of responding to the third signal by automatically releasing the data allotted to a predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table comprises the steps of writing any valid data remaining in a selected portion of the flash EEPROM memory array having a predetermined number of headers specified as invalid to free space in the flash EEPROM memory array, and
erasing the entire selected portion of the flash EEPROM memory array.
11. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 9 in which the step of responding to the third signal by automatically releasing the data allotted to sectors listed in the first table comprises the steps of:
selecting a first sector from the first table,
searching a second table for a physical position of a sector selected,
seeking a sector specified by a physical position of a sector selected,
marking a header of a sector specified by a physical position of a sector selected as invalid,
writing a new header for a sector selected in free space in the flash EEPROM memory array without data,
updating the second table with a new physical position of a new header for a sector specified by the first designation, and
repeating the process from the step of selecting a first designation for a sector from the first table until a selected number of sectors listed in the first table have been selected.
12. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 9 in which the predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table is all of the sectors listed in the first table.
13. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 9 in which the predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table is selected to leave a number of sectors equal to at least one host computer file in the first table.
14. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 1 in which the step of storing a list of files and sectors which have been deleted by a host computer in a first table in host memory comprises listing all files and sectors of files indicated to be deleted in a host file allocation table.
15. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array in which data furnished by a host computer is stored in compressed form so that memory space used for the sectors may be used to store new data, the flash EEPROM memory array including a plurality of individually erasable blocks and storing sectors of data in such blocks with a header providing a logical sector number, an indication of validity of data stored, the process comprising the steps of:
storing a list of files and sectors which have been deleted by a host computer in a first table in host memory, storing a value indicating an amount of free space remaining in the flash EEPROM memory array,
providing a first signal to the host computer when the value indicating the amount of free space falls below a first predetermined value to indicate that sectors listed in the first table should be released,
responding to the first signal by automatically releasing the data allotted to a predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table,
providing a second signal to the host computer when the value indicating the amount of free space falls below a second predetermined value to indicate that it is more urgent that sectors listed in the first table be released than when the first signal was given, and
responding to the second signal by automatically releasing the data allotted to a predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table,
providing a third signal when the value indicating the amount of free space falls below a third predetermined value, and
responding to the third signal by disabling write and erase operations in the flash EEPROM memory array.
16. A process for releasing sectors of a flash EEPROM memory array as claimed in claim 15 in which the steps of responding to the first and the second signals by automatically releasing the data allotted to a predetermined number of sectors listed in the first table
comprises the step of writing all sectors containing valid data to new storage areas from a block storing a plurality of invalid indications, and
erasing the block from which the valid data has been written.
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