US4662886A - Surgical element - Google Patents

Surgical element Download PDF

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Publication number
US4662886A
US4662886A US06/740,960 US74096085A US4662886A US 4662886 A US4662886 A US 4662886A US 74096085 A US74096085 A US 74096085A US 4662886 A US4662886 A US 4662886A
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United States
Prior art keywords
filaments
core
surgical element
sheathing
surgical
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US06/740,960
Inventor
David J. Moorse
Angus E. Strover
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Surgicraft Ltd
Original Assignee
AW Showell Surgicraft Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
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Assigned to A.W. SHOWELL (SURGICRAFT) LIMITED, reassignment A.W. SHOWELL (SURGICRAFT) LIMITED, ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: MOORSE, DAVID J., STROVER, ANGUS E.
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Publication of US4662886A publication Critical patent/US4662886A/en
Assigned to SURGICRAFT LIMITED reassignment SURGICRAFT LIMITED CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). 4-13-89, UNITED KINGDOM Assignors: A.W. SHOWELL (SURGICRAFT) LIMITED
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04CBRAIDING OR MANUFACTURE OF LACE, INCLUDING BOBBIN-NET OR CARBONISED LACE; BRAIDING MACHINES; BRAID; LACE
    • D04C1/00Braid or lace, e.g. pillow-lace; Processes for the manufacture thereof
    • D04C1/06Braid or lace serving particular purposes
    • D04C1/12Cords, lines, or tows
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for suturing wounds; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
    • A61B17/06Needles ; Sutures; Needle-suture combinations; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
    • A61B17/06166Sutures
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/08Muscles; Tendons; Ligaments
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L17/00Materials for surgical sutures or for ligaturing blood vessels ; Materials for prostheses or catheters
    • A61L17/04Non-resorbable materials
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/02Inorganic materials
    • A61L27/08Carbon ; Graphite
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/14Macromolecular materials
    • A61L27/18Macromolecular materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for suturing wounds; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
    • A61B17/06Needles ; Sutures; Needle-suture combinations; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
    • A61B17/06166Sutures
    • A61B2017/06171Sutures helically or spirally coiled
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2310/00Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00005The prosthesis being constructed from a particular material
    • A61F2310/00161Carbon; Graphite
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07BROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B5/00Making ropes or cables from special materials or of particular form
    • D07B5/005Making ropes or cables from special materials or of particular form characterised by their outer shape or surface properties
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10BINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2509/00Medical; Hygiene
    • D10B2509/04Sutures

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a surgical element of elongate flexible nature capable of being used singly as a suture or in multiple lengths as a prosthesis or replacement element for a ligament or tendon.
  • a surgical element comprises a core consisting of a multiplicity of flexible filaments and partial sheathing therefor formed of filaments of at least one standard implantable grade polymer distributed in at least two groups of a width such that the aggregate of their widths is less than the circumference of the core, the groups of sheathing filaments being interwoven with contra-rotation about the core so that areas of the core filaments are exposed at frequent intervals along the length of the element.
  • the core filaments may be fine carbon fibres or they may be formed of biocompatible or bioreactive polymer, but--whatever the material of the core filaments--the exposing of areas of core filaments encourages penetration and ingrowth of fresh tissue between the core filaments.
  • the polymer, of both the sheathing filaments and of a core of polymer, may be a polyester.
  • a method of forming a surgical element in accordance with the invention comprises braiding the sheathing filaments about the core filaments in a braiding machine in which a number of the bobbins are not utilised, and in which at least two sets of contra-rotating bobbins are utilised.
  • the core filaments may be under negligible tension during the weaving of the sheathing filaments, so that the core filaments in the exposed areas tend to bulge and separate slightly, thus further encouraging penetration and ingrowth of fresh tissue.
  • the surgical element When the surgical element is placed under tension the sheathing filaments will take the initial strain, until such time that their extension equals the predetermined slack in the core filaments, which will thereafter also take strain.
  • two equal groups of sheathing filaments will be interwoven and the exposed areas of core filaments will alternate from side-to-side of the element, giving a sinusoidal or ⁇ zigzag ⁇ appearance to the element.
  • Surgical elements in accordance with the invention of any length can be cut from a continuous production (or substantially so), and one end of each length may be secured to a needle, for use of the element as a suture, e.g., in a hernia operation, and the other end may be whipped or bonded or sheathed with plastics material to prevent it unravelling.
  • a length may be doubled up, two or more times, e.g., forty times, to form a prosthesis or replacement element for a ligament or tendon, and a loop (or loops) at one or each end may form an eye (or eyes), for use in securing to bone by means of an attachment device, e.g., a screw or bollard, engaging with the eye.
  • an attachment device e.g., a screw or bollard
  • the loop (or loops) at one end--or the adjacent ends of a plurality of lengths in accordance with the invention extending side-by-side- may be provided with a probe formed by a plastics sleeve, to assist insertion through a hole in bone, and which probe may thereafter be cut off.
  • a biocompatible lubricant is preferably applied to the surgical element to ease its passage through tissue and/or bone during the operative procedure.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevation of a surgical element in accordance with the invention, having a core of carbon fibres and partial sheathing of polyester filaments, and provided with a needle so as to serve as a light duty suture;
  • FIG. 2 is an enlargement of a portion ⁇ A ⁇ , of the surgical element shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is an enlargement of a portion ⁇ B ⁇ of the surgical element shown in FIG. 1 and lying orthogonally with respect to the portion ⁇ A ⁇ ;
  • FIG. 4 corresponds to FIG. 2 but shows a core of polyester filaments as well as partial sheathing of polyester filaments;
  • FIG. 5 is an elevation of another surgical element in accordance with the invention, doubled up and provided with a single probe so as to serve as a tow for liagament repair;
  • FIG. 6 corresponds to FIG. 5 but shows an embodiment having a probe at both ends of a single length element
  • FIG. 7 is an elevation of a further embodiment consisting of a surgical element in acccordance with the invention doubled up many times to form a synthetic ligament replacement having a loop at both ends for anchoring devices;
  • FIG. 8 shows typical load/extension curves for two carbon fibre core/polyester sheathing embodiments of the invention.
  • a surgical element 1 comprises a core 2 consisting of a multiplicity of carbon fibres and partrial sheathing 3 formed of polyester filaments distributed in at least two groups 3X, 3Y of a width such that the aggregate of their widths is less than the circumference of the core, the groups of sheathing filaments being interwoven with contra-rotation about the core so that areas 4 of the carbon fibre core are exposed at frequent intervals along the length of the element, to encourage penetration and ingrowth of fresh tissue between the carbon fibres.
  • the surgical element is conveniently formed in a braiding machine, not shown but one example of which is known universally as the "J. B. Hyde Pickmaster", in which a number of bobbins are not utilised and in which two equal sets of contra-rotating bobbins are utilised.
  • the carbon fibre core 2 is under negligible tension during the weaving of the sheathing filaments 3, so that the carbon fibres in the exposed areas 4 tend to bulge and sep rate slightly, thus further encouraging penetration and ingrowth of fresh tissue, and--because the two equal sets of contra-rotating bobbins results in two equal groups of sheathing filaments 3X, 3Y being interwoven--the exposed areas 4 of carbon fibres alternate from side-to-side of the element 1, giving a sinusoidal or distinctive ⁇ zigzag ⁇ appearance to the element.
  • the core 2 is formed of polyester filaments--otherwise the surgical element 1 is of similar form to that of FIGS. 1 to 3, but also has a closer weave of the groups 3X, 3Y of the sheathing filaments, giving rise to a closer spacing of the exposed areas 4 of the core filaments.
  • the surgical element 1 is secured at one end in the shank 5 of an arcuate needle 6, for use of the element as a suture, and the other end is sheathed with plastics material 7 to prevent it unravelling.
  • a ligament repair tow consists of the surgical element 1 doubled up and provided with a single probe 8, formed by a plastics sheath over the two ends of the element, and with a looped pulling wire 9, while in FIG. 6 another ligament repair tow consists of a single length surgical element 1 with a probe 8 at both ends and each with a looped pulling wire 9.
  • a ligament replacement prosthesis consists of the surgical element 1 doubled up many times (e.g. forty times) to form a syunthetic ligament replacement having a loop 10 at both ends, (with braiding 11) to form eyes for a toggle 12 at one end and an anchoring screw 13 (with washer 14) at the other, the toggle being captive but the screw being provided separately, for use when the ligament replacement has been drawn into the required position across a joint by means of a probe 8 (with a looped pulling wire 9) uniting the ends of a tape 15 looped through the eye, the tape being cut when the screw is inserted into a hole in a bone drilled for that purpose.
  • a biocompatible lubricant is preferably applied to the surgical elements 1 to ease their passage through tissue and/or bone during the operative procedure.
  • the core filaments will thereafter also take strain, as illustrated by the portions 18 of the curves.

Abstract

A surgical element (1), such as a suture or a replacement for a ligament, comprises a core (2) consisting of a multiplicity of flexible filaments, such as fine carbon fibres, and partial sheathing (3) formed of standard implantable grade polymer, such as a polyester, in at least two groups (3X, 3Y) totalling less in width than the circumference of the core and interwoven in contra-rotation so that areas (4) of the core are exposed at frequent intervals, to encourage penetration and ingrowth of fresh tissue between the core filaments.

Description

This invention relates to a surgical element of elongate flexible nature capable of being used singly as a suture or in multiple lengths as a prosthesis or replacement element for a ligament or tendon.
According to the present invention, a surgical element comprises a core consisting of a multiplicity of flexible filaments and partial sheathing therefor formed of filaments of at least one standard implantable grade polymer distributed in at least two groups of a width such that the aggregate of their widths is less than the circumference of the core, the groups of sheathing filaments being interwoven with contra-rotation about the core so that areas of the core filaments are exposed at frequent intervals along the length of the element.
The core filaments may be fine carbon fibres or they may be formed of biocompatible or bioreactive polymer, but--whatever the material of the core filaments--the exposing of areas of core filaments encourages penetration and ingrowth of fresh tissue between the core filaments. The polymer, of both the sheathing filaments and of a core of polymer, may be a polyester.
A method of forming a surgical element in accordance with the invention comprises braiding the sheathing filaments about the core filaments in a braiding machine in which a number of the bobbins are not utilised, and in which at least two sets of contra-rotating bobbins are utilised.
The core filaments may be under negligible tension during the weaving of the sheathing filaments, so that the core filaments in the exposed areas tend to bulge and separate slightly, thus further encouraging penetration and ingrowth of fresh tissue. When the surgical element is placed under tension the sheathing filaments will take the initial strain, until such time that their extension equals the predetermined slack in the core filaments, which will thereafter also take strain.
Thus, with two equal sets of contra-rotating bobbins, two equal groups of sheathing filaments, will be interwoven and the exposed areas of core filaments will alternate from side-to-side of the element, giving a sinusoidal or `zigzag` appearance to the element.
Surgical elements in accordance with the invention of any length can be cut from a continuous production (or substantially so), and one end of each length may be secured to a needle, for use of the element as a suture, e.g., in a hernia operation, and the other end may be whipped or bonded or sheathed with plastics material to prevent it unravelling.
Alternatively, a length may be doubled up, two or more times, e.g., forty times, to form a prosthesis or replacement element for a ligament or tendon, and a loop (or loops) at one or each end may form an eye (or eyes), for use in securing to bone by means of an attachment device, e.g., a screw or bollard, engaging with the eye. Again the loop (or loops) at one end--or the adjacent ends of a plurality of lengths in accordance with the invention extending side-by-side--may be provided with a probe formed by a plastics sleeve, to assist insertion through a hole in bone, and which probe may thereafter be cut off.
A biocompatible lubricant is preferably applied to the surgical element to ease its passage through tissue and/or bone during the operative procedure.
A number of embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is an elevation of a surgical element in accordance with the invention, having a core of carbon fibres and partial sheathing of polyester filaments, and provided with a needle so as to serve as a light duty suture;
FIG. 2 is an enlargement of a portion `A`, of the surgical element shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlargement of a portion `B` of the surgical element shown in FIG. 1 and lying orthogonally with respect to the portion `A`;
FIG. 4 corresponds to FIG. 2 but shows a core of polyester filaments as well as partial sheathing of polyester filaments;
FIG. 5 is an elevation of another surgical element in accordance with the invention, doubled up and provided with a single probe so as to serve as a tow for liagament repair;
FIG. 6 corresponds to FIG. 5 but shows an embodiment having a probe at both ends of a single length element;
FIG. 7 is an elevation of a further embodiment consisting of a surgical element in acccordance with the invention doubled up many times to form a synthetic ligament replacement having a loop at both ends for anchoring devices; and
FIG. 8 shows typical load/extension curves for two carbon fibre core/polyester sheathing embodiments of the invention.
In FIGS. 1 to 3, a surgical element 1 comprises a core 2 consisting of a multiplicity of carbon fibres and partrial sheathing 3 formed of polyester filaments distributed in at least two groups 3X, 3Y of a width such that the aggregate of their widths is less than the circumference of the core, the groups of sheathing filaments being interwoven with contra-rotation about the core so that areas 4 of the carbon fibre core are exposed at frequent intervals along the length of the element, to encourage penetration and ingrowth of fresh tissue between the carbon fibres.
The surgical element is conveniently formed in a braiding machine, not shown but one example of which is known universally as the "J. B. Hyde Pickmaster", in which a number of bobbins are not utilised and in which two equal sets of contra-rotating bobbins are utilised. The carbon fibre core 2 is under negligible tension during the weaving of the sheathing filaments 3, so that the carbon fibres in the exposed areas 4 tend to bulge and sep rate slightly, thus further encouraging penetration and ingrowth of fresh tissue, and--because the two equal sets of contra-rotating bobbins results in two equal groups of sheathing filaments 3X, 3Y being interwoven--the exposed areas 4 of carbon fibres alternate from side-to-side of the element 1, giving a sinusoidal or distinctive `zigzag` appearance to the element.
In FIG. 4 the core 2 is formed of polyester filaments--otherwise the surgical element 1 is of similar form to that of FIGS. 1 to 3, but also has a closer weave of the groups 3X, 3Y of the sheathing filaments, giving rise to a closer spacing of the exposed areas 4 of the core filaments.
In FIG. 1 the surgical element 1 is secured at one end in the shank 5 of an arcuate needle 6, for use of the element as a suture, and the other end is sheathed with plastics material 7 to prevent it unravelling.
In FIG. 5 a ligament repair tow consists of the surgical element 1 doubled up and provided with a single probe 8, formed by a plastics sheath over the two ends of the element, and with a looped pulling wire 9, while in FIG. 6 another ligament repair tow consists of a single length surgical element 1 with a probe 8 at both ends and each with a looped pulling wire 9.
In FIG. 7 a ligament replacement prosthesis consists of the surgical element 1 doubled up many times (e.g. forty times) to form a syunthetic ligament replacement having a loop 10 at both ends, (with braiding 11) to form eyes for a toggle 12 at one end and an anchoring screw 13 (with washer 14) at the other, the toggle being captive but the screw being provided separately, for use when the ligament replacement has been drawn into the required position across a joint by means of a probe 8 (with a looped pulling wire 9) uniting the ends of a tape 15 looped through the eye, the tape being cut when the screw is inserted into a hole in a bone drilled for that purpose.
A biocompatible lubricant is preferably applied to the surgical elements 1 to ease their passage through tissue and/or bone during the operative procedure.
When a surgical element 1 in accordance with the invention, formed with the core filaments 2 under negligible tension during the weaving of the sheathing filaments 3, is placed under tension the sheathing filaments will take the initial strain, as illustrated by the portions 16 of the load/extension curves in FIG. 8 relating to two ligament repair tows LRT 1 and LRT 2, respective details of which are given in the following table:
______________________________________                                    
                LRT1    LRT2                                              
______________________________________                                    
Number of carbon fibres                                                   
                  12,000    24,000                                        
in core                                                                   
Denier of polyester                                                       
                  6,000     12,000                                        
sheathing filaments                                                       
Ultimate Tensile Strength                                                 
                  500 N     1200 N                                        
Extension at failure of                                                   
                  9.5%      9.5%                                          
core fibres                                                               
Extension at failure of                                                   
                  15.0%     12.0%                                         
sheathing filaments                                                       
______________________________________                                    
When the extension of the sheathing filaments 3 equals the predetermined slack in the core filaments 2, as indicated by the steps 17 in the curves in FIG. 8, the core filaments will thereafter also take strain, as illustrated by the portions 18 of the curves.

Claims (9)

What we claim is:
1. A surgical element comprising a core consisting of a multiplicity of flexible filaments and partial sheathing therefor formed of filaments of at least one standard implantable grade polymer distributed in at least two groups of a width such that the aggregate of their widths is less than the circumference of the core, the groups of sheathing filaments being interwoven with contra-rotation about the core so that areas of the core filaments are exposed at frequent intervals along the length of the element so as to promote penetration and ingrowth of tissue between the core filaments.
2. A surgical element as in claim 1, wherein the core filaments are fine carbon fibres.
3. A surgical element as in claim 1, wherein the core filaments are formed of biocompatible or bioreactive polymer.
4. A surgical element as in claim 1 wherein the polymer is a polyester.
5. A surgical element as in claim 1, formed by doubling up said surgical element with at least one loop positioned at least at one end forming an eye for use in securing to bone by means of an attachment device engaging with the eye for use as a prosthesis or replacement element for a ligament or tendon.
6. A surgical element as in claim 1 coated with a biocompatible lubricant.
7. A surgical element as in claim 1, wherein the core filaments are provided under negligible tension during weaving of the sheathing filaments sufficient to cause the core filaments in the exposed areas to bulge and separate slightly.
8. A surgical element as in claim 1, wherein two equal groups of sheathing filaments are incorporated and interwoven to provide the exposed areas of core filaments to alternate from side-to-side of the element.
9. A surgical element as in claim 1, said surgical element being doubled up on itself.
US06/740,960 1984-06-04 1985-06-04 Surgical element Expired - Fee Related US4662886A (en)

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GB8414344 1984-06-04
GB848414344A GB8414344D0 (en) 1984-06-05 1984-06-05 Surgical element

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US4662886A true US4662886A (en) 1987-05-05

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EP (1) EP0170358B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE40283T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3567803D1 (en)
GB (1) GB8414344D0 (en)
ZA (1) ZA854061B (en)

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US4731084A (en) * 1986-03-14 1988-03-15 Richards Medical Company Prosthetic ligament
US4795466A (en) * 1986-03-07 1989-01-03 Sulzer Brothers Limited Artificial crucial ligament for a knee joint
US4883486A (en) * 1988-05-31 1989-11-28 Indu Kapadia Prosthetic ligament
US4917699A (en) * 1988-05-16 1990-04-17 Zimmer, Inc. Prosthetic ligament
US5197983A (en) * 1988-04-19 1993-03-30 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. Ligament and tendon prosthesis
US5268001A (en) * 1990-09-25 1993-12-07 Innovasive Devices, Inc. Bone fastener
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US6689153B1 (en) 1999-04-16 2004-02-10 Orthopaedic Biosystems Ltd, Inc. Methods and apparatus for a coated anchoring device and/or suture
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US20050049702A1 (en) * 1998-03-10 2005-03-03 The University Of Cincinnati Article and method for coupling muscle
US20050165486A1 (en) * 2004-01-27 2005-07-28 Sdgi Holdings, Inc. Prosthetic device and method
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US20090216252A1 (en) * 2004-02-13 2009-08-27 The University Of Cincinnati A coupling device enabled by mechanical continuity of cellular scaffolding across tissue boundaries
US20100160962A1 (en) * 2008-12-23 2010-06-24 Dreyfuss Peter J Suturing construct with spliced tails
US20100161054A1 (en) * 2008-11-21 2010-06-24 Jason Park Reinforced Biologic Material
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GB8414344D0 (en) 1984-07-11
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EP0170358A1 (en) 1986-02-05
EP0170358B1 (en) 1989-01-25
ZA854061B (en) 1986-01-29

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