US20140041818A1

US20140041818A1 - Fluff pulp and high sap loaded core

Info

Publication number: US20140041818A1
Application number: US13/975,922
Authority: US
Inventors: James E. Sealey; Brent A. Fields; Peter M. Froass
Original assignee: International Paper Co
Current assignee: International Paper Co
Priority date: 2012-08-10
Filing date: 2013-08-26
Publication date: 2014-02-13

Abstract

A fluff pulp is provided, which comprises softwood fibers; and 3 to 35% by weight of hardwood fibers. A fluff is also provided, which comprises the fiberized or shredded fluff pulp. A core is also provided, which comprises the fluff and at least an SAP. Processes for making and using the fluff pulp, fluff, and core are provided, and products made thereby.

Description

BACKGROUND

Field of the Invention

The invention relates to fluff pulp, processes for making, and uses thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Various embodiments are described in conjunction with the accompanying figures, in which:

FIG. 1 shows SAP retention of exemplary and comparative embodiments.

FIG. 2 shows mullen values of exemplary and comparative embodiments.

FIG. 3 shows shred energy values of exemplary and comparative embodiments.

FIG. 4 shows shred quality in percent goods and fines for exemplary and comparative embodiments.

FIG. 5 shows shred quality in percent nits and pieces for exemplary and comparative embodiments.

FIG. 6 shows shred absorption in absorption capacity and rate for exemplary and comparative embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL EMBODIMENTS

One embodiment relates to fluff pulp, methods for making, and uses thereof. Another embodiment relates to fluff formed from the fluff pulp, methods for making, and uses thereof. Another embodiment relates to a core formed from the fluff, methods for making, and uses thereof. Another embodiment relates to products which include one or more of the fluff pulp, fluff, and/or core, methods for making, and uses thereof. Another embodiment relates to a thin core formed from the fluff, methods for making, and uses thereof. Another embodiment relates to a flexible core formed from the fluff, methods for making, and uses thereof. Another embodiment relates to an SAP (superabsorbent polymer) loaded core formed from the fluff and SAP particles, methods for making, and uses thereof. Another embodiment relates to a thin, loaded core formed from the fluff, methods for making, and uses thereof. Another embodiment relates to the use of hardwood fiber and softwood fiber in a fluff pulp. Another embodiment relates to the use of hardwood fiber and softwood fiber and a simple sugar or slightly branched sugar in the fluff pulp or dried web. In one embodiment, the hardwood fiber will produce a thin core with low porosity to trap the SAP particles. In one embodiment, the short hardwood fibers limit the amount of fiber-fiber entanglement to make the core weaker when compressed to a very low caliper. In one embodiment, the sugar molecules can also prevent or inhibit strong bonding between fibers when compressed by providing a viscous fluid response. In one embodiment, prevention or inhibition of fiber-fiber bonding and/or fiber-fiber entanglement via one or both of the use of short hardwood fibers and sugar molecules allows the core to change shape with the body. In one embodiment, the sugar or sugar solution will help hold the SAP particles in the core due to the tacky or sticky properties of the sugar. In one embodiment, the core is flexible.
The inventors have investigated how to produce a thin and high SAP loaded core.
One embodiment relates to an absorbent core having improved SAP retention. Another embodiment relates to fluff pulp having good Mullen values. Another embodiment relates to a fluff pulp having reduced shred energy. Another embodiment relates to a fluff pulp having improved shred quality. Another embodiment relates to a fluff pulp having good shred absorption. Another embodiment relates to a fluff pulp having good rewet characteristics.
One embodiment relates to a fluff pulp, comprising softwood fibers; and 3 to 35% by weight of hardwood fibers.
One embodiment relates to a process for making fluff pulp, comprising contacting a first aqueous slurry comprising softwood fibers with a second aqueous slurry comprising hardwood fibers, to form a furnish; contacting the furnish onto a moving wire, to form a web; and drying and optionally pressing the web, to form the fluff pulp.
One embodiment relates to a fluff, comprising the fluff pulp in fiberized form.
One embodiment relates to a process for making fluff, comprising fiberizing the fluff pulp.
One embodiment relates to a core, comprising the fluff and one or more superabsorbent polymer (SAP).
One embodiment relates to a process for making a core, comprising contacting the fluff of and one or more superabsorbent polymer.
One embodiment relates to an absorbent product, paper product, personal care product, medical product, insulating product, construction product, structural material, cement, food product, veterinary product, packaging product, diaper, tampon, sanitary napkin, gauze, bandage, fire retardant, or a combination thereof, comprising the core and a supporting structure.
One embodiment relates to a process for making an absorbent product, comprising contacting at least a portion of the core with the supporting structure.
One embodiment relates to a process for making a fluff pulp, comprising forming a web comprising hardwood and softwood fibers, and drying, to produce a fluff pulp having softwood fibers and 3 to 35% by weight of hardwood fibers.
In one embodiment, the forming comprises one or more of contacting a fluff pulp mixture comprising fluff pulp fibers and water with a table in a papermaking machine, removing at least a portion of water from a fluff pulp mixture comprising fluff pulp fibers and water with a suction box under a table in a papermaking machine, at least partially drying a fluff pulp mixture comprising fluff pulp fibers and water in a flotation dryer, heating a fluff pulp mixture comprising fluff pulp fibers and water, or a combination thereof.
In embodiment, the web may be dried in a dryer, to form the dried web or fluff pulp. The web may be suitably dried in a drying section. Any method for drying commonly known in the art of fluff pulp papermaking may be utilized. The drying section may include a drying can, flotation dryer, cylinder drying, Condebelt drying, IR, or other drying means and mechanisms known in the art. The fluff pulp may be dried so as to contain any selected amount of water. In one embodiment, the web is dried using a flotation dryer.
As used herein, the term, “fluff pulp” may be used interchangeably with “dried web”. Unless otherwise specified, the percent by weight or weight percent is based on the weight of the fluff pulp, fluff, or core as appropriate. As used herein, the term, “fluff” means fiberized or shredded fluff pulp, the terms, “fiberized” and “shredded” are used interchangeably herein, as is common in the art. As used herein, the term, “core” means a composition comprising fluff and at least SAP particles.
In one embodiment, the fluff pulp may have a basis weight ranging from 500 to 1100 gsm. This range includes all values and subranges therein, for example 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625, 650, 675, 700, 725, 750, 757, 775, 800, 825, 850, 875, 900, 950, 1000, 1150, and 1100 gsm, or any combination thereof or range therein.
In one embodiment, the fluff pulp has a moisture content of 15% by weight or less. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6.3, 7, 8, 8.5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15% by weight, or any combination thereof or range therein. In another embodiment, the fluff pulp has a moisture content of 20% or less. In another embodiment, the fluff pulp has a moisture content of 10% or less. In another embodiment, the fluff pulp has a moisture content of 6 to 9%. In another embodiment, the fluff pulp has a moisture content of about 6.3 to 8.5%. Moisture content may be suitably measured using TAPPI T 412 standard.
In one embodiment, the fluff pulp has a density of 0.1 to 0.75 g/cc (not compressed by the Compressibility Test (defined below). This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, and 0.75 g/cc, or any range therein.
In one embodiment, the fluff pulp has a caliper of 0.5-3 mm. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, and 3 mm, and any range therein. In one embodiment, the fluff pulp has a caliper of 1.1 to 1.5 mm. In one embodiment, the fluff pulp has a caliper of 1.3±0.2 mm.
The fiberization energy, sometimes called the shred energy, of the fluff pulp is not particularly limited. It may be suitably less than 170 kJ/kg. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, and 170 kJ/kg, or any combination thereof or any range therein. In one embodiment, the fiberization energy of the fluff pulp is equal to or less than 160 kJ/kg. In another embodiment, the fiberization energy of the fluff pulp is from 100 to 160 kJ/kg. In another embodiment, the fiberization energy of the fluff pulp is from 120 to 160 kJ/kg.
In one embodiment, the fluff pulp has a Mullen of ≧90 psi. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, 250 psi, and higher, or any range therein. Mullen may be easily determined according to TAPPI T 807.
In one embodiment, the SAP retention is greater than about 60%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 80% or greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, including without limitation 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100%, including any and all ranges and subranges therein.
In one embodiment the fluff pulp has a greater compressibility as measured by the compressed pad thickness and density using the Compressibility Test (defined below in Example 2) at a predetermined pressure load of 161 PSI or 225 PSI. The compressed thickness under 161 PSI may be less than about 280 mil, less than about 270 mil, less than about 260 mil less than about 250 mil, less than about 245 mil, less than about 240 mil, less than about 235 mil less than about 230 mil, less than about 225 mil, less than about 220 mil, less than about 215 mil less than about 210 mil, including without limitation 230, 229, 228, 227, 226, 225, 224, 223, 222, 221, 220, 219, 218, 217, 216, 215, 214, 213, 212, 211, 210, and less than 209 mil, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. The compressed thickness under 225 PSI may be less than about 205, less than about 200 mil, less than about 190 mil less than about 180 mil, less than about 175 mil, less than about 170 mil, less than about 165 mil less than about 160 mil, less than about 155 mil, less than about 150 mil including without, including without limitation 180, 179, 178, 177, 176, 175, 174, 173, 172, 171, 170, 169, 168, 167, 166, 165, 164, 163, 162, 161, 160, and less than about 159 mil, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. The compressed density under 161 PSI may be greater than about 0.13 g/cm³, greater than about 0.14 g/cm³, greater than about 0.15 g/cm³, greater than about 0.16 g/cm³, greater than about 0.17 g/cm³, greater than about 0.18 g/cm³, greater than about 0.19 g/cm³, greater than about 0.20 g/cm³, including including any and all ranges and subranges therein. The compressed density under 225 PSI may be greater than 0.18 g/cm³, greater than about 0.19 g/cm³, greater than about 0.20 g/cm³, greater than 0.21 g/cm³, greater than about 0.22 g/cm³, greater than about 0.23 g/cm³, greater than 0.24 g/cm³, greater than about 0.25 g/cm³, including any and all ranges and subranges therein.
In one embodiment, the Gurley Stiffness of the fluff pulp as measured by the Gurley Stiffness (defined below in Example 2) of the pad (the pad may have any density including without limitation a pad having a density of 0.31 g/cm³or a pad having a density of 0.62 g/cm³) may be less than about 750 mg, less than about 800 mg, less than about 850 mg, less than about 900 mg, less than about 1000 mg, less than about 1200 mg, less than about 1300 mg, less than about 1400 mg, less than about 1500 mg, less than about 1600 mg, less than about 1700 mg, less than about 1800 mg, less than about 2000 mg, less than about 2200 mg, less than about 2400 mg, less than about 2500 mg, less than about 3000 mg, less than about 4000 mg, less than about 5000 mg, less than about 5500 mg, less than about 6000 mg, including any and all ranges and subranges therein. In one embodiment, the fluff pulp further comprises one or more additive such as whitener, colorant, pigment, optical brightening agent, wetting agent, binder, bleaching agent, other additive, or a combination thereof. If present, the amount of additive is not particularly limited. In one embodiment, the additive may be present in amounts ranging from about 0.005 to about 50 by weight. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including about 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 weight percent, or any combination thereof, based on the weight of the fluff pulp mixture.
The fluff pulp may or may not include a debonder surfactant. In one embodiment, the fluff pulp includes one or more debonder surfactants. In another embodiment, the fluff pulp does not include a debonder surfactant. If present, the debonder surfactant may be present in an amount of ≧0.1 lb solids debonder surfactant per ton of fluff pulp. This range includes all values and subranges there between, including ≧0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 4.0, 5, 5.0, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20 lb solids debonder surfactant per ton of the fluff pulp, and higher, or any combination thereof or any range therein. In one embodiment, if more than one debonder surfactant is used, this range is the total amount over all the debonder surfactants present in the fluff pulp.
Debonder surfactants are known in the fluff pulp and fluff pulp fiber arts. Any debonder surfactant is suitable for use in the present application, and the selection thereof is within the skill of one knowledgeable in the fluff pulp and fluff pulp fiber arts. Some examples, which are not intended to be limiting, include linear or branched monoalkyl amine, linear or branched dialkyl amine, linear or branched tertiary alkyl amine, linear or branched quaternary alkyl amine, ethoxylated alcohol, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon surfactant, fatty acid amide, fatty acid amide quaternary ammonium salt, dialkyl dimethyl quaternary ammonium salt, dialkylimidazolinium quaternary ammonium salt, dialkyl ester quaternary ammonium salt, triethanolamine-ditallow fatty acid, fatty acid ester of ethoxylated primary amine, ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salt, dialkyl amide of fatty acid, dialkyl amide of fatty acid, cationic surfactant, non-ionic surfactant, C₁₆-C₁₈unsaturated alkyl alcohol ethoxylate, commercially available compound having CAS Registry No. 68155-01-1, commercially available compound having CAS Registry No. 26316-40-5, commercially available F60™, commercially available Cartaflex TS LIQ™, commercially available F639™, commercially available Hercules PS9456™, commercially available Cellulose Solutions 840™, commercially available Cellulose Solutions 1009™, commercially available EKA 509H™, commercially available EKA 639™, alone, or in any combination. Other examples of debonder surfactants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,186, the contents of which being hereby incorporated by reference.
In one embodiment, the finished fluff pulp may be fiberized or shredded, in accordance with methods known in the art. For example, the fiberizing or shredding may be carried out in a hammermill.
In one embodiment, the fluff pulp and/or fiberized or shredded fluff pulp, or core, or a combination thereof may be suitably incorporated into one or more of an absorbent product, paper product, personal care product, medical product, insulating product, construction product, structural material, cement, food product, veterinary product, packaging product, diaper, tampon, sanitary napkin, gauze, bandage, fire retardant, or a combination thereof. These products and methods for their manufacture and use are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Another embodiment relates to a fluff pulp, made by the process described herein.
Another embodiment relates to an absorbent product, paper product, personal care product, medical product, insulating product, construction product, structural material, cement, food product, veterinary product, packaging product, diaper, tampon, sanitary napkin, gauze, bandage, fire retardant, or a combination thereof, comprising the fluff pulp and/or fiberized or shredded fluff pulp, or core, or a combination thereof.
Another embodiment relates to the use of an absorbent product, paper product, personal care product, medical product, insulating product, construction product, structural material, cement, food product, veterinary product, packaging product, diaper, tampon, sanitary napkin, gauze, bandage, fire retardant, or a combination thereof, comprising the fluff pulp and/or fiberized or shredded fluff pulp, or core, or a combination thereof.
One or more than one, or any combination thereof, of fibers may be used in the fluff pulp. The fibers may be treated or untreated, and they may optionally contain one or more than one additives, or combination thereof, which are known in the art. Given the teachings herein, the level of treatment, if desired, and the amount of additives may be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the fluff pulp and fluff pulp fiber arts.
Similarly, the formation of a web of fluff pulp or fluff pulp fibers or from a fluff pulp mixture or furnish onto a table from a headbox in a papermaking machine is within the skill of one knowledgeable in the fluff pulp and fluff pulp fiber arts.
The type of fluff pulp or fluff pulp fiber suitable for use herein is not intended to be limiting. Fluff pulp typically includes cellulosic fiber. The type of cellulosic fiber in the fluff pulp is not critical. For example, the fluff pulp can be made from pulp fibers derived from hardwood trees, softwood trees, or a combination of hardwood and softwood trees. The fluff pulp may also include synthetic fibers, in addition to one or more types of cellulosic fibers. The fluff pulp fibers may be prepared by one or more known or suitable digestion, refining, and/or bleaching operations such as, for example, known mechanical, thermomechanical, chemical and/or semichemical pulping and/or other well known pulping processes. The term, “hardwood pulps” as may be used herein include fibrous pulp derived from the woody substance of deciduous trees (angiosperms) such as birch, oak, beech, maple, and eucalyptus. The term, “softwood pulps” as may be used herein include fibrous pulps derived from the woody substance of coniferous trees (gymnosperms) such as varieties of fir, spruce, and pine, as for example loblolly pine, slash pine, Colorado spruce, balsam fir and Douglas fir. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the pulp fibers may be provided from non-woody herbaceous plants including, but not limited to, kenaf, hemp, jute, flax, sisal, or abaca, although legal restrictions and other considerations may make the utilization of hemp and other fiber sources impractical or impossible. Either bleached or unbleached fluff pulp fiber may be utilized. Recycled fluff pulp fibers are also suitable for use. The fluff pulp may suitably contain from 30 to 100 wt % of fluff pulp fibers based upon the total weight of the fluff pulp. In one embodiment, the fluff pulp may contain from 30 to 99 wt % of fluff pulp fibers based upon the total weight of the fluff pulp. In another embodiment, the fluff pulp contains 40 to 95 wt % of fluff pulp fibers based upon the total weight of the fluff pulp. These ranges include any and all values and subranges therebetween, for example, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100 wt % or any subrange therein, based upon the total weight of the fluff pulp.
The fluff pulp may optionally contain from 65 to 97 wt % fluff pulp fibers originating from softwood species based upon the total weight of the fluff pulp. In one embodiment, the fluff pulp may contain 70 to 94 wt % fluff pulp fibers originating from softwood species. These ranges include 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, and 97 wt % or any subrange therein, based upon the total weight of the fluff pulp.
All or part of the softwood fibers may optionally originate from softwood species having a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of from 500 to 800. In one embodiment, the fluff pulp contains fluff pulp fibers from a softwood species having a CSF from 500 to 800. These ranges include any and all values and subranges therebetween, for example, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, and 800 CSF or any subrange therein. Canadian Standard Freeness is as measured by TAPPI T-227 standard test.
The fluff pulp may optionally contain from 3 to 35 wt % fluff pulp fibers originating from hardwood species. These ranges include 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35 wt %, or any subrange therein, based upon the weight of the fluff pulp.
All or part of the hardwood fibers may optionally originate from hardwood species having a Canadian Standard Freeness of from 500 to 650. This range includes 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, and 650 CSF, or any subrange therein.
In one embodiment, where only hardwood and softwood fibers are present in the fluff pulp, the hardwood/softwood fluff pulp fiber weight ratio may range from 3/97 to 35/65. These ranges include all values and subranges therebetween, including 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35 (for hardwood) to 100 minus the aforementioned values (for softwood).
The softwood fibers, hardwood fibers, or both may be optionally modified by physical and/or chemical processes to obtain the fluff pulp. Examples of physical processes include, but are not limited to, electromagnetic and mechanical processes. Examples of electrical modifications include, but are not limited to, processes involving contacting the fibers with an electromagnetic energy source such as light and/or electrical current. Examples of mechanical modifications include, but are not limited to, processes involving contacting an inanimate object with the fibers. Examples of such inanimate objects include those with sharp and/or dull edges. Such processes also involve, for example, cutting, kneading, pounding, impaling, and the like, and combinations thereof.
If present, the synthetic fibers are not particularly limiting. Non-limiting examples of such fibers include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, core/sheath fibers, bi-component fibers, bi-component or core/sheath fibers of polyethylene and polypropylene. Combinations of different synthetic fibers are possible.
A simple sugar or slightly branched sugar may optionally be present in the fluff pulp, fluff, or core. Nonlimiting examples include sucrose, fructose, dextrose, hexose, L-arabinose, oligosaccharide, monosaccharide, disaccharide, glucose, galactose, maltose, lactose, sugar pulp, bagasse, sugar cane pulp, sugar beet pulp, or combination thereof. If present, the sugar may be present in an amount ranging from 1 to 40% by weight, which range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% by weight or any combination thereof or subrange therein. The sugar, if desired, may be added at any point during the making of fluff pulp, fluff, and/or core. In one embodiment, the sugar may be contacted with the fluff pulp before, during, or after an airlaid process, or a combination thereof.
Nonlimiting examples of chemical modifications include conventional chemical fiber processes such as bleaching, crosslinking and/or precipitation of complexes thereon. Other examples of suitable modifications of fibers include those found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,592,717, 6,592,712, 6,582,557, 6,579,415, 6,579,414, 6,506,282, 6,471,824, 6,361,651, 6,146,494, H1,704, 5,731,080, 5,698,688, 5,698,074, 5,667,637, 5,662,773, 5,531,728, 5,443,899, 5,360,420, 5,266,250, 5,209,953, 5,160,789, 5,049,235, 4,986,882, 4,496,427, 4,431,481, 4,174,417, 4,166,894, 4,075,136, and 4,022,965, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated, independently, by reference.
As discussed herein, if desired, additives such as pH adjusting agent, whitener, colorant, pigment, optical brightening agent, wetting agent, binder, bleaching agent, trivalent cationic metal, alum, other additive, or a combination thereof may be utilized. Such compounds are known in the art and otherwise commercially available. Given the teachings herein, one of ordinary skill in the fluff pulp and fluff pulp papermaking arts would be able to select and use them as appropriate. If present, the amount of additive is not particularly limited. In one embodiment, the additive may be present in amounts ranging from about 0.005 to about 20 weight percent based on the weight of the fluff pulp. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including about 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, and 20 weight percent, or any combination thereof or subrange therein, based on the weight of the finished fluff pulp.
One or more optical brightening agents may be optionally present. Typically, the optical brightening agents are fluorescent dyes or pigments that absorb ultraviolet radiation and reemit it at a higher wavelengths in the visible spectrum (blue), thereby effecting a white, bright appearance to the fluff pulp, but any optical brightening agent may be used. Examples of optical brighteners include, but are not limited to azoles, biphenyls, coumarins, furans, stilbenes, ionic brighteners, including anionic, cationic, and anionic (neutral) compounds, such as the Eccobrite™ and Eccowhite™ compounds available from Eastern Color & Chemical Co. (Providence, R.I.); naphthalimides; pyrazenes; substituted (e.g., sulfonated) stilbenes, such as the Leucophor™ range of optical brighteners available from the Clariant Corporation (Muttenz, Switzerland), and Tinopal™ from Ciba Specialty Chemicals (Basel, Switzerland); salts of such compounds including but not limited to alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, transition metal salts, organic salts and ammonium salts of such brightening agents; and combinations of one or more of the foregoing agents.
Examples of optional fillers include, but are not limited to, clay, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, and calcium sulfate dehydrate, chalk, GCC, PCC, and the like.
Examples of optional binders include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, Amres (a Kymene type), Bayer Parez, polychloride emulsion, modified starch such as hydroxyethyl starch, starch, polyacrylamide, modified polyacrylamide, polyol, polyol carbonyl adduct, ethanedial/polyol condensate, polyamide, epichlorohydrin, glyoxal, glyoxal urea, ethanedial, aliphatic polyisocyanate, isocyanate, 1,6 hexamethylene diisocyanate, diisocyanate, polyisocyanate, polyester, polyester resin, polyacrylate, polyacrylate resin, acrylate, and methacrylate. Other optional substances include, but are not limited to silicas such as colloids and/or sols. Examples of silicas include, but are not limited to, sodium silicate and/or borosilicates.
The composition may optionally and additionally include one or more pigments. Non-limiting examples of pigments include calcium carbonate, kaolin clay, calcined clay, aluminum trihydrate, titanium dioxide, talc, plastic pigment, ground calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, amorphous silica, modified calcium carbonate, modified calcined clay, aluminum silicate, zeolite, aluminum oxide, colloidal silica, colloidal alumina slurry, modified calcium carbonate, modified ground calcium carbonate, modified precipitated calcium carbonate, or a mixture thereof.
The fluff pulp fibers may be formed into a single or multi-ply web on a papermaking machine such as a Fourdrinier machine or any other suitable papermaking machine known in the art. The basic methodologies involved in making fluff pulps on various papermaking machine configurations are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and accordingly will not be described in detail herein. In one embodiment, one or more of the fluff pulp furnish, hardwood slurry, and softwood slurry may have the form of a relatively low consistency aqueous slurry of the pulp fibers optionally together with one or more additives. In one embodiment, the fluff pulp furnish is ejected from a head box onto a table, e.g., a porous endless moving forming sheet or wire, where the liquid, e.g., water, is gradually drained through small openings in the wire, optionally with the aid of one or more suction boxes, until a mat of pulp fibers and optionally the other materials is formed on the wire. In one embodiment, the still-wet web is transferred from the wire to a wet press where more fiber-to-fiber consolidation occurs and the moisture is further decreased. In one embodiment, the web is then passed to a dryer section to remove a portion of, most of, or substantially all of the retained moisture and further consolidate the fibers in the web. After drying, the dried web or fluff pulp may be further treated with a formation shower, spray boom, or the like.
If desired, the fluff pulp may be rolled onto a roll, to form a roll of fluff pulp, or it may be cut into sheets, and stacked, to form a bale of the fluff pulp. Alternatively, the (wet) web may be sent to a flash dryer or similar, and dried therein, and thereafter bagged, to form a bag containing the fluff pulp.
The fluff pulp, once obtained, may be fiberized or shredded to produce fluff. Fluff includes the fluff pulp in fiberized form.
In one embodiment, the fluff has a multi-dose rewet value of 3 to 8 grams for the second and third dose. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.25, 5.5, 5.75, 6, 6.25, 6.5, 6.75, 7, 7.5, and 8 grams.
In one embodiment, the fluff has a SCAN-C 33:80 adsorption time of <4.0 s. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, <4.0 s, or any range therein.
In one embodiment, the fluff has an absorptive capacity of 4 to 10 g/g. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, and 10 g/g, or any range therein. Absorptive capacity, sometimes called shred absorption, may be suitably measured using the Scan Absorption Test described herein.
In one embodiment, the fluff on screen fractionation has a % Good of ≧50%. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100%, or any range therein.
In one embodiment, the fluff on screen fractionation has a % Fines of ≦40%. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40%, or any combination thereof or any range therein.
In one embodiment, the fluff on screen fractionation has a % Pieces of ≦30%. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30%, or any combination thereof or any range therein.
One embodiment relates to a core, comprising the fluff and one or more superabsorbent polymer (SAP).
One embodiment relates to a process for making a core, comprising contacting the fluff of and one or more superabsorbent polymer.
In the course of making the core, the fluff may be combined with one or more superabsorbent polymers (SAP). SAPs are known in the absorbent product art, and are not particularly limited. Nonlimiting examples of SAPs include starch-acrylonitrile copolymer, hydrolyzed starch-acrylonitrile copolymer, acrylic acid (co)polymer, acrylamide (co)polymer, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate/polyacrylamide copolymers, polyacrylic acid (co)polymers, sodium polyacrylate, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymer, polyethylene oxide, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, and starch grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile, salts thereof, and combination thereof.
The amount of SAP in the core is not particularly limited, and may suitably range from 1 to 95% by weight of the core. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95% by weight of the core. In one embodiment, a “high” amount of SAP load is ≧50% by weight of the core.
The SAP may suitably be contacted with the fluff during an airlaid process, in the course of making the core.
In one embodiment, the core has a caliper of 2 to 500 mm. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, and 500, and any range therein. In one embodiment, the core has a caliper of 2 to 50 mm. In one embodiment, a “thin” caliper for the core is 2 to 25 mm.
In one embodiment, porosity is related to the bulk of the core. In one embodiment, higher porosity is associated with a higher bulk; and a lower porosity is associated with a lower bulk. The unit of measurement for porosity is seconds, which is the length of time required for a given amount of air to pass through a sample. A higher porosity sample will allow a given amount of air to pass through more quickly than would a lower porosity sample. In one embodiment, a higher proportion of hardwood results in a higher density and also a lower porosity. For example, typical bulk values of 1 1-5 cc/g are observed for most papers, and 6 cc/g would be considered high.
In one embodiment, the core may have a bulk value of 2 to 6 cc/g. This range includes all values and subranges therebetween, including 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 cc/g, or any subrange therein.
In one embodiment, the core can be produced in an airlaid process. This can involve one or more steps of fiber defibration, web formation, web bonding, or a combination of two or more thereof.
In fiber defibration, the fluff pulp or dried web may be fed into one or more hammermills, saw mills, and/or pin mills, or any combination thereof. They may have a series of series of saws, or pins, or small hammers, for example, that rotate at high speed separating the pulp into individual loose fibers. The fibers are then transported to the web forming system. Synthetic fibers, natural fibers, or both synthetic and natural fibers can also be added at this stage. These may arrive in compact bale form and fed into bale opening systems which loosen and separate the bales into individual fibers.
In web formation, any known forming technologies may be used to produce airlaid webs of fluff. In one embodiment, the fiberized fluff pulp fibers are sifted through a coarse screen and deposited with vacuum assistance onto a forming wire below. In another embodiment, drum formers may be used, wherein fibers pass through a series of holes or slots in a large cylinder that spans the width of the forming wire. In one embodiment, the fluff web is kept in place by a vacuum system located below the forming wire, and additives, such as superabsorbent polymers or odor control powders, can be incorporated into the web at this stage.
More than one web former may be utilized to allow for flexibility in the web formation and increase line throughput. The technology often allows for the web composition and structure to be controlled to achieve various required functions. Prior to bonding, the web may be compacted by large rollers to provide some integrity and cohesiveness. It can also be embossed with a design or logo as required by the customer.
For bonding and web consolidation, any method may be used as desired. For example, latex, thermal and/or hydrogen bonding may be utilized. In one embodiment, multi-bonding, wherein more than one bonding method is used in combination. In one embodiment, latex and thermal bonding may be used in combination. Other combinations are possible.
Latex bonding may be utilized to bond the web, wherein latex binder is contacted with the web. In one embodiment, the top of the compacted web is sprayed with latex, and dried in an oven; and then the web is flipped over so that it can be sprayed on the other side. It then goes through a second oven that dries and cures the binder before the web is cooled, slit and wound into rolls. In another embodiment, a latex foam is utilized instead of a spray.
In thermal bonding, synthetic bonding fibers are present. In one embodiment, the synthetic bonding fibers include bi-component fibers with polyethylene and polypropylene. In one embodiment, after compaction the web is transported into an oven which softens and melts the sheaths of the fibers such that they fuse together and bond the various components of the web. The web may then be calendered if desired to the correct thickness, cooled and transported to the slitting/rewinding system.
In hydrogen-bonding, cellulose fibers bond together when naturally occurring moisture contained in the fibers is removed while the fibers are in close contact. This may be suitably carried out under conditions of high temperature and pressure. Synthetic binders may be added to the airlaid web or eliminated from the airlaid web.
In one embodiment of multi-bonding, a combination of latex and thermal bonding is used; the web is thermally bonded, and latex is sprayed on both sides of the web, if desired, to reduce the lint that is often released in high-speed converting operations.
The fluff or core may be suitably used in an absorbent product, paper product, personal care product, medical product, insulating product, construction product, structural material, cement, food product, veterinary product, packaging product, diaper, tampon, sanitary napkin, gauze, bandage, fire retardant, or a combination thereof, comprising the fluff pulp and/or fiberized or shredded fluff pulp, or core, or a combination thereof. These products typically include the fluff or core (as a whole or a part of the absorptive portion) and one or more supporting structures or materials.
For example, a supporting structure or material may include one or more non-woven, non-woven layer, non-woven top sheet, wicking layer, film, back sheet, moisture barrier, non-porous layer, acquisition distribution layer, or the like, or combination thereof. The supporting structure or material may or may not provide a supporting function to the core; for example, it may simply contain the core, or provide a barrier between the user and the core, or between the core and the environment. A feminine hygiene pad may include the core and a non-woven and/or wickine layer between the core and the skin of the user; and a back sheet or moisture barrier on the backside thereof to mitigate or prevent fluid loss or staining; and optionally one or more wings, adhesive strip, deodorant, and the like. A tampon may include the core, non-woven or wicking material between the core and the user; a string for removal, and optionally an insertion device including a barrel, grip, plunger, or similar. A diaper may include the core and a non-woven layer, wicking layer, or the like, and a non-porous outer layer, such as a polypropylene or polyethylene outer layer. A medical product may include the core and a non-woven or wicking layer between the core and the user, and a backing optionally non-porous layer. A bandage can further include an adhesive layer to adhere the bandage containing the core to the skin. An oil boom might include a mesh or porous layer surrounding all or a portion of the core. Such supporting structures are known in the art. Given the teachings herein, combined with the knowledge of one of the ordinary skill in the relevant art, one could easily produce an absorptive product comprising at least the core and the supporting structure.
Shred Energy Procedure. For fluff pulp shredding, the Kamas hammermill is a simulation of commercial equipment manufactured and supplied by Kamas Industri AB for use in the production of fluff pulp products. Like the commercial equipment it has variable rotor speed, variable pulp feed speed and exchangeable screens. Pulp strips are hand fed into the mill and are defiberized with free swinging hammers until the resultant fluff is sufficiently broken up to pass through the screen holes. In the fluff testing room, controlled conditions, 72° F. and 55% (+/−5) relative humidity are used; and for apparatus, a Kamas Type H 01 Laboratory Defribrator was used. Samples were prepared by conditioning pulp sheets in the testing room for at least 4 hours. For lab formed sheets, trim about ½″ from edges. Cut pulp sheets (in machine direction) into strips, 5-10 strips/sample, 2 inches wide. Record weights. Air flow when running should be 32.5-35 L/sec.; Set rotor to 3300 rpm, feed to ˜15 cm/sec, time to 7 seconds, and use 10 mm screen unless otherwise specified; Feed in the next sample strip and repeat; Collect the shredded pulp in the screen receptor funnel; Empty fluff into plastic bag; Mix by hand, then seal bag and shake vigorously to get a homogenous fluff mix.
Shred Quality: Four Screen Fractionation of Shredded Fluff Pulp test can determine the size distribution of fibers in dry shredded pulp. A moving high velocity air stream disperses shredded pulp in a covered standard testing sieve while individual fibers are removed through the wire mesh by an applied vacuum. The amount of fluff retained on the sieve wire is determined by weight. The fiber is subjected to fractionation through a series of sieves with consecutively increasing hole openings. The fractions are calculated as a percentage of the original whole fluff weight. The apparatus includes pulp fluff air turbulence generator and separator; USA Standard Testing Sieves: 8″ diameter×2″ height; USA Std #200 (75 μm hole opening); USA Std #50 (300 μm hole opening); USA Std #14 (1400 μm hole opening); USA Std #8 (2360 μm hole opening. This test must be conducted in a controlled room, 48% to 52% relative humidity, 70° F. to 72° F.
Procedure: (1) Condition shredded pulp at least 4 hrs in the test room. Mix the fluff in the plastic bag by hand and by vigorously shaking the sealed bag which contains air space, to achieve a uniform a distribution of fiber fractions and to achieve a representative test sample. (2) Take pulp from various areas of the bag, and weigh out 5 grams (+/−0.01 grams). Record weight, and place on a tared #200 sieve. Place sieve on the fluff fractionator and cover. Seal the seam formed by the sieve with the large rubber gasket to allow a more uniform distribution of the air/vacuum. (3) Set timer for 5 minutes and start fractionator. Adjust compressed air to 30 psi and vacuum to 4 inches. The fines will pass through the sieve into the vacuum. When finished, remove the sieve, remove the cover and weigh the sieve plus the pulp on the tared balance. Record the weight of pulp remaining on the #200 sieve. The mass of the fines is the difference in the mass of the pulp before and after fractionation. (4) Tare the #50 sieve and transfer the pulp from step 3 on to the #50 sieve, cover, place on fractionator and seal. Set timer for 5 minutes; Start fractionator and proceed as in step 3 (adjust air and vacuum as needed). Record the weight of the pulp retained on the #50 screen. (5) Tare the #14 sieve and transfer the pulp from the #50 on to the #14 sieve, cover, place on fractionator and seal as in step 2. Set timer for 5 minutes. Reset the start by turning the knob to off, then back to auto. Start fractionator and proceed as in step 3 (adjust air and vacuum as needed). Record weight of the pulp retained on the #14 screen. (6) Transfer the pulp from the #14 to the #8 screen. Repeat the process above (5 minutes, 30 psi, vacuum at 4 in.) and record the weight of pulp retained on the #8. Calculations: For the calculations, (1) Original fluff weight; (2) Weight remaining on #200; (3) Weight remaining on #50; (4) Weight remaining on #14; and (5) Weight remaining on #8. Percent passing #200={(1)−(2)}/(1)×100=% Fines. Percent retained on #200={(2)−(3)}/(1)×100=% Good. Percent retained on #50={(3)−(4)}/(1)×100=% Good. Percent retained on #14={(4)−(5)}/(1)×100=% Nits (fiber agglomerates). Percent retained on #8=(5)/(1)×100=% Pieces. Percent passing #200 is reported as Fines. Percent retained on #200 screen, but passing #50 is reported as Good. Percent retained on #50, but passing #14 is reported as Good. (Total Good is sum of the two good fractions). Percent retained on #14 screen, but passing #8 screen is reported as Nits (fiber agglomerates). Percent retained on #8 screen is reported as Pieces. It is recommended to run a minimum of three tests per sample.
Scan Absorption Test can determine absorption properties (Shred Absorption, sometimes called Absorption Capacity) of fluff pulp pads. The method is based on the Scandinavian standard SCAN-C 33:80, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Fluff volume (bulk), absorption rate and absorption capacity are measured by placing a test pad on the unit, applying a uniform load and allowing the pad to absorb liquid from below until saturated. The apparatus is a SCAN Absorption Tester, which includes a test piece former, absorption unit, and timing device. Reagents include 0.9% saline (NaCl) solution. Procedure: (1) Prepare saline solution, 0.9% sodium chloride in DI water (e.g., 180 g/20 L) and transfer to saline delivery carboy; (2) Rinse electrode platen and blot dry with wipe; rinse screen and reservoir to remove residue, dry and replace in tester. Open valve on carboy and run saline through until it flows into overflow pail; Close valve; If necessary, stabilize the instrument by running a few samples before analyzing test samples; (3) Mix fluff by vigorously shaking inflated sample bag; Weigh out approximately 3.20 g of fluff pulp (take several small portions throughout the bag to get a representative sample); (4) Tare the forming tube (the plexiglass cylindrical mold with 50 mm base screen) and place securely on pad former (make sure it's firmly seated on gasket); Turn on vacuum and feed the pulp into the former in small amounts, allowing fibers to separate as much as possible; Avoid feeding in clumps of pulp; (5) After pad has been formed turn off vacuum and remove mold/screen assembly; Place tared assembly with pad on balance and remove excess pulp to give a final weight of 3.00 g+/−0.01; Arrange pulp as needed to give uniform thickness; Fibers sometimes build up on one side in tube, especially if high in nits; Remove from this area first to get the 3.00 g, then rearrange as needed, carefully lifting mat/fibers to the thinner area; Gently tamp down the moved fibers to give a uniform thickness; Prepare 6-8 pads per sample; (6) Sample wt 3.00 g; (7) Pre-wet the SCAN tester sample basket and use wipe to remove excess; Lower the electrode platen and zero height sensor; Raise and latch the electrode platen; (8) Remove bottom screen from forming tube; Place plexi tube on the SCAN wire basket; gently lower the electrode platen (with the load on top of shaft) onto the pad; carefully raise the mold (hold in place); start timer then swing holder over and rest the tube on it; Avoid touching the wires and shaft with the tube; start the saline flow at about 18-20 seconds; at 30 sec, raise the reservoir in one even motion, and hold in place; When prompted, lower the reservoir, close the saline valve and allow pad to drain; When prompted, raise the electrode platen up through the former tube; If pad sticks to the platen, gently tap with edge of tube to release pad onto the basket; Latch the electrode platen, remove forming tube and carefully transfer pad to a balance; Record wet weight; Enter wet pad weight in computer; Record the dry height (caliper, m), specific volume (cc/g), absorption time (sec) and wet weight on spreadsheet; Report absorption time (sec), absorption rate (cm/sec), specific volume (g/cc), and capacity (g/g); Run 6-10 tests per sample; Report averages and SD.
Multi-Dose Acquisition Test Procedure: A 5″×12″ air laid shredded fluff pulp sample is compressed to a density of 0.15 gms/cm³; A sheet of coverstock is placed on top of the compressed sample; A 1″ diameter dosing tube weighing 1000 g is centered on top of the sample; 30 mls of 0.9% saline solution is dosed at a flow rate of 7 mls/sec; Timing begins once the dosage started and ended when all of the saline solution is absorbed and the absorption time is recorded; After 300 seconds after the first dose is absorbed a second dose of saline solution is applied and the timing procedure is repeated and the absorption time recorded; 300 seconds after the second dose is absorbed a third dose is applied and the timing procedure is repeated and the absorption time recorded.
Multi-Dose Rewet Test Procedure/Two Dose Rewet: A 5″×12″ air laid shredded fluff pulp sample is compressed to a density of 0.15 gms/cm³; A sheet of coverstock is placed on top of the compressed sample; A 1″ diameter dosing tube weighing 1000 g is centered on top of the sample; 30 mls. of 0.9% saline solution was dosed at a flow rate of 7 mls/sec; After 300 seconds a second dose of saline solution is applied; 300 seconds after the second dose the dosing tube is removed and a recorded preweighed 8″×8″ sheet of Verigood blotter paper is placed on top and a 50 cm2 3 kpa load is applied for 60 seconds; The load is removed and the blotter paper is weighed. The difference between the wet and dry paper is recorded as rewet.
SAP Retention Procedure: Produce fluffed pulp by fiberizing sheets in a Kamas H 01 hammermill at specified conditions. Form 1.9 g pads as follows: Insert 14 mm screen in hammermill. Set the rotor to ˜800 rpm. Place a carrier piece of non-woven material on the 50 in²forming screen and secure screen to funnel and install in vacuum chamber. Weigh out ˜1.9 g fluffed pulp in a weighing dish. Weigh out the desired % SAP for the test. Sprinkle the SAP evenly over the fluff. Start the rotor and feed all the pulp at once into the shredder through the front chute. Stop the rotor and remove the funnel apparatus from bottom chamber. Use a tamping device to compress pulp onto the forming screen. Remove top funnel Remove pad and non-woven carrier together. Fold the non-woven over the top of pad. Place the press ring on the nylon block. Put the pad inside ring bottom down and place the rod inside ring. Put 1000 g weight on rod and place in carver press. Press to 1000 psi and release pressure. Set sonic sifter at a 2 amplitude. Prepare the sieve stack with the 60 mesh screen on top and 400 mesh screen on bottom. Remove pad from non-woven and place on 60 mesh sieve. Place stack into sifter. Set timer to three minutes and press start. Collect and weigh SAP from the non-woven, 60 and 400 sieves. Calculate SAP retained.
Compressibility Procedure: Compressibility was tested on 900 gsm airlaid pads. Pads are made by forming 9 grams of conditioned (50% relative humidity, 77 F) fiberized fluff pulp onto a 100 cm²circular forming plate. The airlaid pads are then placed into a 100 cm²ring and a cylinder was placed on top of the pad. The pad, ring and cylinder was placed under a Carver press and a predetermined pressure load (to be specified by scientist) (in Example 2 below, the predetermined pressure load was 161 and 225, respectively) was applied for 1 minute. Afterwards, the pressure was released and the compressed pad removed from the ring. 20 minutes later the thickness of the pad was measured and the pad density calculated.
Gurley Stiffness Procedure: The Gurley Stiffness measurement procedure is conducted in accordance with the procedure outlined below using procedure T 543 Bending resistance of paper (Gurley Type Tester).

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Four fluff pulps were prepared on a paper machine as described herein, which contained different levels of hardwood fiber. The four fluff pulps contained 0%, 8%, 15%, and 23% by weight hardwood fibers. These fluff pulps were characterized for their fluff pulp properties as well as fluff quality as described within. The ability to retain SAP in a densified air laid core of fluff pulp was also measured, as described herein.
FIG. 1 shows SAP retention of exemplary and comparative embodiments.
FIG. 2 shows mullen values of exemplary and comparative embodiments.
FIG. 3 shows shred energy values of exemplary and comparative embodiments.
FIG. 4 shows shred quality in percent goods and fines for exemplary and comparative embodiments.
FIG. 5 shows shred quality in percent nits and pieces for exemplary and comparative embodiments.
FIG. 6 shows shred absorption in absorption capacity and rate for exemplary and comparative embodiments.
Table 1 shows multi-dose acquisition test data for exemplary and comparative embodiments.

TABLE 1

MULTI-DOSE ACQUISITION TEST - Acquisition Times, seconds

% HARDWOOD	FIRST DOSE	SECOND DOSE	THIRD DOSE

0	27.4	74.4	98.0
8	33.2	88.3	115.3
15	37.3	99.7	127.4
34	40.8	110.1	135.1

Table 2 shows multi-dose rewet test data for exemplary and comparative embodiments.

TABLE 2

MULTI-DOSE Rewet Test - Rewet Weight

% HARDWOOD	SECOND DOSE	THIRD DOSE

0	5.5	7.0
8	5.3	6.1
15	5.6	6.8
34	5.3	6.6

The results show that adding as little as 8% hardwood gave a significant improvement in SAP retention
The results show that Mullen and Shred Energy are reduced with hardwood substitution
The results show that shred quality is maintained, with increased amount of fines in shred
The results show that acquisition rate increased with hardwood, but rewet was unaffected.
These results suggest that a small hardwood substitution can provide the benefits of making cores with high SAP content and improved SAP retention, and thinner cores are possible.
From the results shown, it is clear that the examples falling within the scope of the claims inhere superior benefits when compared to those comparative examples.

Example 2

For these Examples a “Pad” May be a Core in an Absorbent Article

Two fluff pulps were manufactured on a pulp machine in the Southeastern US. One fluff pulp was made with 100% softwood fibers (Control) while another fluff pulp as made with 82% softwood fibers and 18% hardwood fibers (18% Hardwood). These fluff pulps were fiberized on a 10 inch hammermill operating at 3000 rpm and a federate of 0.24 kg/min/in width. Samples of the fiberized fluff pulps were collected and made into airlaid pads that were typical of pads used in the absorbent core of absorbent products. These pads were tested for compressibility and stiffness.
Compressibility was tested on 900 gsm airlaid pads. These pads were made by forming 9 grams of conditioned (50% relative humidity, 77 F) fiberized fluff pulp onto a 100 cm²circular forming plate. The airlaid pads were then placed into a 100 cm²ring and a cylinder was placed on top of the pad. The pad, ring and cylinder was placed under a Carver press and a predetermined load (as set forth in Table 3 below) was applied for 1 minute. Afterwards, the pressure was released and the compressed pad removed from the ring. 20 minutes later the thickness of the pad was measured and the pad density calculated. The results are shown in Table

TABLE 3

	Pressure on Pad	Pad Thickness	Pad Density
Fluff Pulp	PSI	mil	g/cm3

Control	161	287	0.13
18% Hardwood	161	219	0.16
Control	225	205	0.18
18% Hardwood	225	160	0.22

The results in Table 3 clearly show that the fluff pulp containing 18% hardwood was compressed to a thinner pad and higher density than the control. Fluff pulp that compresses to a thinner pad is a desirable characteristic for producers of absorbent products as there is a need to make thinner absorbent products.
Making thinner products by increasing the density, however, will result in an undesirable increase in the stiffness of the pad. This stiffer pad will be uncomfortable to the user of the absorbent product so there is a need to make a pad that is thinner yet flexible and soft. Pads were made with the Control and 18% Hardwood fluff pulps and their stiffness measured using a Gurley-type tester to measure the bending resistance of these pads (see Tappi procedure T 543 Bending resistance of paper). Pads were made at 300 gsm and compressed to various densities using different pressures in the Carver press. A 1.5 inches by 1.0 inch piece was cut out of the circular pad and placed into the Gurley stiffness tester. The results are summarized in Table 4. In addition, a slightly treated commercially produced fluff pulp (ST 160) was also included in this analysis. The slightly treated fluff pulp is made by adding a small about of debonder (<1 lb/T) to the stock approach system in the wet end of the pulp machine. Debonders are typically added to fluff pulps to reduce the amount of energy required to fiberize fluff pulp and also to improve the shred quality of the fiberized fluff pulp. This fluff pulp was made with 100% softwood fibers from the southeastern US.

TABLE 4

	Pad Density	Gurley Stiffness
Fluff Pulp	g/cm3	mg

Control	0.12	760
Control	0.31	1383
Control	0.34	2534
Control	0.62	6822
18% Hardwood	0.14	825
18% Hardwood	0.31	1184
18% Hardwood	0.35	1806
18% Hardwood	0.62	5808
ST160 - Slightly Treated	0.11	799
ST160 - Slightly Treated	0.22	947
ST160 - Slightly Treated	0.36	1458
ST160 - Slightly Treated	0.56	1287

These results clearly show that at a given density and thickness (since these pads were made at the same basis weight) the stiffness of the pads made with 18% Hardwood are less than the Control made with 100% Softwood fibers. These results favorably show an additional advantage of adding some hardwood to fluff pulp; not only will adding hardwood allow for a thinner and a higher density pad but it will also reduce the stiffness of the pad at a given density which is desirable by producers of absorbent products that want to make thinner products that are flexible and soft.
The results in Table 4 also clearly show the dramatic effect that debonder has on the stiffness. The fluff pulp containing debonder only slightly increased stiffness as the density was increased. At the highest densities there is a very big difference in the stiffness of these pads. Accordingly, the present inventors have further discovered one embodiment of the this invention which is that, by combining the effects of hardwood fibers and debonder (or otherwise debonded fibers), a highly desirable fluff pulp could be produced for an absorbent product producer requiring compressed flexible webs, cores, pads, etc.
As used throughout, ranges are used as a short hand for describing each and every value that is within the range, including all subranges therein.
All other references, as well as their cited references, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference with respect to relative portions related to the subject matter of the present invention and all of its embodiments.
Numerous modifications and variations on the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the accompanying claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A fluff pulp, comprising:

softwood fibers; and

3 to 35% by weight of hardwood fibers, wherein said pulp having a compressed density, when in the form of a core, of greater than 0.13 g/cm³at 161 PSI and a compressed density of greater than 0.18 at 225 PSI.

2. The fluff pulp of claim 1, comprising 5 to 30% by weight of hardwood fibers.

3. The fluff pulp of claim 1, which comprises a moisture content of ≦15% by weight.

4. The fluff pulp of claim 1, which comprises a basis weight of 500 to 1100 gsm.

5. A process for making fluff pulp, comprising:

contacting a first aqueous slurry comprising softwood fibers with a second aqueous slurry comprising hardwood fibers, to form a furnish;

contacting the furnish onto a moving wire, to form a web; and

drying and optionally pressing the web, to form the fluff pulp of claim 1.

6. The process of claim 5, comprising pressing the web.

7. The process of claim 5, further comprising rolling the fluff pulp onto a roll or cutting the fluff pulp into sheets, and stacking the sheets to form a bale.

8. The process of claim 5, wherein said drying comprises flash drying the web to form the fluff pulp, and thereafter bagging the fluff pulp.

9. The process of claim 5, further comprising contacting the first and second slurries at a blend chest.

10. The process of claim 5, further comprising and prior to contacting the first and second slurries:

forming the hardwood fibers by one or more steps selected from the group consisting of chipping, pulping, and bleaching hardwood, or a combination of two or more thereof; and

forming the softwood fibers by one or more steps selected from the group consisting of chipping, pulping, and bleaching softwood, or a combination of two or more thereof.

11. The fluff pulp of claim 1, in the form of a bale or roll, or in a bag.

12. A fluff, comprising the fluff pulp of claim 1 in fiberized form.

13. A process for making fluff, comprising fiberizing the fluff pulp of claim 1.

14: The process of claim 13, which is carried out in an airlaid line.

15. The process of claim 11, further comprising taking the fluff pulp from a bale, roll, or bag, or combination thereof, and fiberizing.

16. A core, comprising:

the fluff of claim 12 and one or more superabsorbent polymer (SAP).

17. The core of claim 16, wherein the SAP is selected from the group consisting of starch-acrylonitrile copolymer, hydrolyzed starch-acrylonitrile copolymer, acrylic acid (co)polymer, acrylamide (co)polymer, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate/polyacrylamide copolymers, polyacrylic acid (co)polymers, sodium polyacrylate, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymer, polyethylene oxide, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, starch grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile, salt of one or more thereof, and combination of two or more thereof.

18. The core of claim 16, wherein the SAP is present in an amount ranging from 1 to 85% by weight of the core.

19. A process for making a core, comprising contacting the fluff of claim 12 and one or more superabsorbent polymer.

20. The process of claim 19, further comprising after the contacting, forming a web, and densifying the web in a nip.

21. The process of claim 19, wherein the contacting is carried out in an airlaid line.

22. An absorbent product, paper product, personal care product, medical product, insulating product, construction product, structural material, cement, food product, veterinary product, packaging product, diaper, tampon, sanitary napkin, gauze, bandage, fire retardant, or a combination thereof, comprising the core of claim 13 and a supporting structure.

23. A process for making the absorbent product of claim 22, comprising contacting at least a portion of the core with the supporting structure.

24. The pulp of claim 1, comprising from 5 to 25 wt % of the hardwood fibers.

25. The pulp of claim 1, comprising from 5 to 20 wt % of the hardwood fibers.

26. The pulp of claim 1, comprising 8 to 18 wt % of the hardwood fibers.

27. The pulp of claim 1, having a compressed thickness, when in the form of a core, of less than 280 mil at 161 PSI and a compressed thickness of less than 200 at 225 PSI.

28. The pulp of claim 27, having a compressed density, when in the form of a core, of greater than 0.13 g/cm³at 161 PSI and a compressed density of greater than 0.18 at 225 PSI.

29. The pulp of claim 1, having a Gurley Stiffness, when in the form of a core having about 0.31 g/cm³density (uncompressed), of less than 1350 mg.

30. The pulp of claim 29, further comprising a debonder.

31. The pulp of claim 30, wherein the debonder comprises at least one debonder selected from the group consisting of a linear or branched monoalkyl amine, linear or branched dialkyl amine, linear or branched tertiary alkyl amine, linear or branched quaternary alkyl amine, ethoxylated alcohol, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon surfactant, fatty acid amide, fatty acid amide quaternary ammonium salt, dialkyl dimethyl quaternary ammonium salt, dialkylimidazolinium quaternary ammonium salt, dialkyl ester quaternary ammonium salt, triethanolamine-ditallow fatty acid, fatty acid ester of ethoxylated primary amine, ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salt, dialkyl amide of fatty acid, dialkyl amide of fatty acid, cationic surfactant, non-ionic surfactant, C₁₆-C₁₈unsaturated alkyl alcohol ethoxylate, compound having CAS Registry No. 68155-01-1, and compound having CAS Registry No. 26316-40-5.

32. The pulp of claim 1, having a Gurley Stiffness, when in the form of a core having about 0.62 g/cm³density (uncompressed), of less than 6800 mg.

33. The pulp of claim 1, further comprising a debonder.

34. The pulp of claim 33, wherein the debonder comprises at least one debonder selected from the group consisting of a linear or branched monoalkyl amine, linear or branched dialkyl amine, linear or branched tertiary alkyl amine, linear or branched quaternary alkyl amine, ethoxylated alcohol, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon surfactant, fatty acid amide, fatty acid amide quaternary ammonium salt, dialkyl dimethyl quaternary ammonium salt, dialkylimidazolinium quaternary ammonium salt, dialkyl ester quaternary ammonium salt, triethanolamine-ditallow fatty acid, fatty acid ester of ethoxylated primary amine, ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salt, dialkyl amide of fatty acid, dialkyl amide of fatty acid, cationic surfactant, non-ionic surfactant, C₁₆-C₁₈unsaturated alkyl alcohol ethoxylate, compound having CAS Registry No. 68155-01-1, and compound having CAS Registry No. 26316-40-5.