CA2708620A1 - Article made of a shape memory composite material, method for the production thereof, and method for retrieving stored shapes - Google Patents
Article made of a shape memory composite material, method for the production thereof, and method for retrieving stored shapes Download PDFInfo
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- CA2708620A1 CA2708620A1 CA2708620A CA2708620A CA2708620A1 CA 2708620 A1 CA2708620 A1 CA 2708620A1 CA 2708620 A CA2708620 A CA 2708620A CA 2708620 A CA2708620 A CA 2708620A CA 2708620 A1 CA2708620 A1 CA 2708620A1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C61/00—Shaping by liberation of internal stresses; Making preforms having internal stresses; Apparatus therefor
- B29C61/06—Making preforms having internal stresses, e.g. plastic memory
- B29C61/0608—Making preforms having internal stresses, e.g. plastic memory characterised by the configuration or structure of the preforms
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C61/00—Shaping by liberation of internal stresses; Making preforms having internal stresses; Apparatus therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
- B29C35/08—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation
- B29C35/0805—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation
- B29C2035/0811—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation using induction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2791/00—Shaping characteristics in general
- B29C2791/001—Shaping in several steps
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/16—Fillers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
Abstract
The invention relates to an article (10) made of a shape memory composite material (12) comprising a shape memory polymer (14) and a magnetic material (16) embedded therein, said shape memory polymer (14) after thermomechanical programming being capable of undergoing at least one temperature-induced transition from a temporary shape into a permanent shape, as well as to a method for the production thereof and a method for retrieving stored shapes.
It is envisaged that the article (10) has at least two directly or indirectly interconnected sections (18, 20) which differ by a different surface-to-volume ratio (S/V).
It is envisaged that the article (10) has at least two directly or indirectly interconnected sections (18, 20) which differ by a different surface-to-volume ratio (S/V).
Description
Article Made of a Shape Memory Composite Material, Method for the Production Thereof, and Method for Retrieving Stored Shapes The invention relates to an article made of a shape memory composite material com-prising a shape memory polymer and a magnetic material embedded therein, said shape memory polymer after thermomechanical programming being capable of undergoing a temperature-induced transition from a temporary shape into its permanent shape. The invention also relates to a thermomechanical method for the production of said programmed article and to a method for retrieving the stored shapes of an article programmed in this way.
So-called shape memory polymers (SMPs), which undergo a transition in shape from a temporary shape into a permanent shape in accordance with a previous programming upon induction by a suitable stimulus, are known in the prior art. This shape memory ef-fect is most often stimulated thermally, that is, the restoring effect driven by entropic elasticity takes place when heating the polymer material above the defined switching temperature. As a rule, shape memory polymers are polymer networks wherein chemi-cal (covalent) or physical (non-covalent) crosslinking sites determine the permanent shape. Programming takes place by deforming the polymer material above the transition temperature of a phase formed by a switching segment (= switching phase) and subse-quently cooling the polymer material below this temperature, while maintaining the deformation forces so as to fix the temporary shape. Renewed heating above the switching temperature gives rise to a phase transition and restoration of the original permanent shape. (In contrast to the transition temperature, Ttrans, the switching temperature, Tsw, depends on the mechanical motion defining the macroscopic change in shape so that the two temperatures may slightly differ from each other.) Apart from the above dual-shape polymers, which may assume a temporary shape in addition to their permanent shape, AB polymer networks (so-called triple-shape poly-mers) have meanwhile been described, which have two phases formed of different switching segments, said two phases having different transition and switching tempera-tures and are thus able to store two temporary shapes in addition to their permanent shape in their "shape memory" (e.g. Bellin et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 103(48): 18043-18047; or WO 99/42528 A). These triple-shape plastic materials have basically at least two non-miscible, segregated phases so that each phase can be used for fixing one temporary shape at a time. The permanent shape is established by cova-lent crosslinking sites in the polymer network, while the two temporary shapes are de-fined by a thermomechanical programming process. The ability to perform two consecu-tive shape transitions by way of thermal induction, namely, from a first temporary shape into a second temporary shape and from there into the permanent shape, allows com-plex movements and offers a variety of potential applications, for instance in medicine.
Magnetically stimulated induction of shape transition is also well-known, wherein shape memory composite materials are used which comprise a matrix of a shape memory polymer and magnetic particles embedded therein. The shape memory polymer is a thermally stimulable SMP which, following thermomechanical programming, has the ability to undergo a thermally induced shape transition. Exposure to an alternating magnetic field causes inductive heating of the magnetic particles and, as a consequence, of the surrounding SMP so that the latter reaches its switching temperature and the transition from the previously programmed temporary shape into the permanent shape is induced.
For example, Mohr et al. (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 2006, 103(10): 3540-3545) have described corresponding composite materials made of shape memory polymers with embedded magnetic nanoparticles. What is described therein is the relationship between the surface-to-volume ratio (SN) and the maximum achievable temperature of a material, Tmax, at a given magnetic field, and in particular the finding that the maximum temperature Tmax decreases with increasing SN.
WO 2005/042142 A2 describes shape memory composite materials comprising a shape memory polymer matrix and magnetic and/or metallic colloids embedded therein.
Triggered by an external magnetic field, the colloidal particles and thus the surrounding polymer material undergo inductive heating, thereby inducing a physical change in structure, in particular a relaxation process, which gives rise to a change of the geomet-rical shape and ultimately results in liberation of a pharmacological agent. A
shape memory composite comprising a shape memory polymer matrix and magnetic particles embedded therein is also known from US 2005/0212630 Al. Similarly, this system is able to perform magnetically induced shape transitions.
So-called shape memory polymers (SMPs), which undergo a transition in shape from a temporary shape into a permanent shape in accordance with a previous programming upon induction by a suitable stimulus, are known in the prior art. This shape memory ef-fect is most often stimulated thermally, that is, the restoring effect driven by entropic elasticity takes place when heating the polymer material above the defined switching temperature. As a rule, shape memory polymers are polymer networks wherein chemi-cal (covalent) or physical (non-covalent) crosslinking sites determine the permanent shape. Programming takes place by deforming the polymer material above the transition temperature of a phase formed by a switching segment (= switching phase) and subse-quently cooling the polymer material below this temperature, while maintaining the deformation forces so as to fix the temporary shape. Renewed heating above the switching temperature gives rise to a phase transition and restoration of the original permanent shape. (In contrast to the transition temperature, Ttrans, the switching temperature, Tsw, depends on the mechanical motion defining the macroscopic change in shape so that the two temperatures may slightly differ from each other.) Apart from the above dual-shape polymers, which may assume a temporary shape in addition to their permanent shape, AB polymer networks (so-called triple-shape poly-mers) have meanwhile been described, which have two phases formed of different switching segments, said two phases having different transition and switching tempera-tures and are thus able to store two temporary shapes in addition to their permanent shape in their "shape memory" (e.g. Bellin et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 103(48): 18043-18047; or WO 99/42528 A). These triple-shape plastic materials have basically at least two non-miscible, segregated phases so that each phase can be used for fixing one temporary shape at a time. The permanent shape is established by cova-lent crosslinking sites in the polymer network, while the two temporary shapes are de-fined by a thermomechanical programming process. The ability to perform two consecu-tive shape transitions by way of thermal induction, namely, from a first temporary shape into a second temporary shape and from there into the permanent shape, allows com-plex movements and offers a variety of potential applications, for instance in medicine.
Magnetically stimulated induction of shape transition is also well-known, wherein shape memory composite materials are used which comprise a matrix of a shape memory polymer and magnetic particles embedded therein. The shape memory polymer is a thermally stimulable SMP which, following thermomechanical programming, has the ability to undergo a thermally induced shape transition. Exposure to an alternating magnetic field causes inductive heating of the magnetic particles and, as a consequence, of the surrounding SMP so that the latter reaches its switching temperature and the transition from the previously programmed temporary shape into the permanent shape is induced.
For example, Mohr et al. (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 2006, 103(10): 3540-3545) have described corresponding composite materials made of shape memory polymers with embedded magnetic nanoparticles. What is described therein is the relationship between the surface-to-volume ratio (SN) and the maximum achievable temperature of a material, Tmax, at a given magnetic field, and in particular the finding that the maximum temperature Tmax decreases with increasing SN.
WO 2005/042142 A2 describes shape memory composite materials comprising a shape memory polymer matrix and magnetic and/or metallic colloids embedded therein.
Triggered by an external magnetic field, the colloidal particles and thus the surrounding polymer material undergo inductive heating, thereby inducing a physical change in structure, in particular a relaxation process, which gives rise to a change of the geomet-rical shape and ultimately results in liberation of a pharmacological agent. A
shape memory composite comprising a shape memory polymer matrix and magnetic particles embedded therein is also known from US 2005/0212630 Al. Similarly, this system is able to perform magnetically induced shape transitions.
The thus offered option of controlling the thermally induced shape memory effect by alternating magnetic fields is of particular interest for medical uses where conventional external supply of heat is often intolerable in physiological terms. However, many uses require complex changes in shape, especially those comprising a sequential succession of a plurality of shapes. At present, this cannot be done when relying on the principle of magnetic stimulation.
The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing an article exhibiting a magnetically stimulable shape memory effect, which is capable of performing more than one magnetically induced shape transitions. In addition, said article should be produc-ible as easily as possible from a uniform material.
Said object is accomplished by means of an article having the features of claim 1. The article according to the invention is made of a shape memory composite material com-prising a shape memory polymer and at least one magnetic material embedded therein.
The shape memory polymer is a "conventional" SMP having a thermally stimulable shape memory effect, i.e., it is able to perform at least one shape transition, induced by temperature, from a thermomechanically programmed temporary shape into a perma-nent shape. As for the magnetic material, the only important issue is its ability to interact in an alternating magnetic field in such a way that heating takes place. Thus, the mag-netic material can be heated by induction via an alternating magnetic field, so that heat-ing of the polymer material above its switching temperature can take place, thereby in-ducing shape recovery. The article is remarkable in that it exhibits at least two directly or indirectly interconnected sections differing from each other by a different surface/volume ratio, SN. The invention, which in particular resides in the special geometric configura-tion of the article, makes use of the fact that geometric bodies consisting of shape memory composite materials having different SN assume different material tempera-tures in a given alternating magnetic field (Figure 9). More specifically, the maximum achievable material temperature of a geometric body becomes lower with increasing surface/volume ratio thereof. This can be attributed to the relatively higher heat transfer to the environment as compared to a body having a smaller SN. According to the inven-tion, a plurality of partial sections having different SN are present in the article, making it possible to utilize the heat transport processes within the component, including inter-action with the environment, in such a way that the section having the smallest SN will reach the material temperature required for shape recovery (switching) in a suitable al-ternating magnetic field, while a section having a larger SN does not. Only when further increasing the magnetic field strength and/or frequency, the partial section having the larger SN will reach the material temperature required for shape recovery to perform the previously programmed shape transition. Without increasing the ambient tempera-ture it is possible in this way to retrieve a number of shapes by successively intensifying the external magnetic field, the shape transitions of the individual partial sections being switched separately in a time-shifted manner. In contrast to the shape transition by in-creasing the ambient temperature, it is possible according to the invention to separately switch locally separated partial sections of the article, initially switching the section hav-ing the smallest SN, followed by the other sections in the order of their SN.
Conse-quently, the number of programmable temporary shapes is ultimately determined solely by the number of sections having different surface/volume ratios.
One advantage of the invention resides in the fact that the article can be produced in the form of a single piece from a uniform composite material so that all sections having dif-ferent SN consist of the same material. Compared to a conceivable alternative, namely, implementing a series of successive shape transitions by means of different materials of partial sections, e.g. via different concentrations of the magnetic material or by means of different shape memory polymers having different switching temperatures, the inventive one-piece article of uniform material is easy to produce, for instance in a injection mold-ing process or the like.
In the context of the present invention the term "section" (or partial section) is under-stood to be a visually distinguishable portion of the article, the boundaries of which be-ing defined by the geometric situation in the body rather than exhibiting a random course. More specifically, the sections involve the remarkable feature that the transition from one SN of a section to an SN of another section at the boundary surface thereof is abrupt or - at least in relation to the overall expanse of the article -steep. In this context, "steep" is understood to be a transition between two adjacent surface/volume ratios ex-tending over a length of at maximum 10% of the overall expanse of the article.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the at least two sections of each article have a constant material thickness in at least one direction in space. Thus, given a flat design of the article, different surface/volume ratios can only be implemented by varying the material thickness of the sections. Alternatively, or in addition to the above measure, it is advantageous if each of the at least two sections has an SN that is constant in at least one direction in space, especially along the longitudinal expanse. The presence of a constant surface/volume ratio within a section achieves locally uniform heat dissipation into the environment and thus homogeneous material temperature within the section when exposing the article to a specific magnetic field. Thus, cooperative shape recovery in the entire section is initiated when the material temperature exceeds the switching temperature of the shape memory polymer.
It is preferably envisaged that the surface/volume ratios of the different sections of the article differ by a factor of at least 1.2, particularly at least 1.5. Even more advantageous is a difference by a factor of at least 2. This ensures sufficiently large differences of the magnetic field strengths and/or frequencies required to switch the respective sections.
For the same reason it is preferably envisaged that the at least two segments are se-lected in such a way that their surface/volume ratios correspond to a difference of the maximum material temperature achievable in a given magnetic field of at least 10 K, particularly at least 15 K, and even more advantageously at least 20 K.
As envisaged in another advantageous embodiment of the invention, the sections of the article are not directly connected to each other, but indirectly through an interposed thermally insulating section. For example, the latter may be characterized by a surface-to-volume ratio as high as possible, which is associated with a high heat dissipation rate into the environment, in which event the SN of the thermally insulating section corre-sponds to at least the SN of that section of the two which has the higher SN
and par-ticularly exceeds this SN by at least 10%, preferably at least 20%.
The relationship between thermally induced shape memory transition and surface-to-volume ratio SN can be seen in Figures 10 and 11 wherein, on the one hand, the elon-gation is plotted versus the temperature (Figure 10) and, on the other hand, the de-pendence of the maximum temperature Tmax achievable in a given magnetic field on the SN for composite materials with nanoparticle contents of 1.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 wt.%
is shown (Figure 11). Accordingly, different material temperatures and thus initiation of the shape memory effect can be achieved by using different SN. Furthermore, the ad-vantages of a desirably high slope of the characteristic line in the Tmax-versus-SN dia-= CA 02708620 2010-06-09 gram become apparent, because in this way the SN difference at a given temperature interval is preferably low (see auxiliary lines in Figure 11), or the adjustable temperature interval at a given SN is as large as possible. A characteristic line with a higher slope can be achieved either by changing the particle material or by increasing the content of nanoparticles (Figure 11).
It is also advantageous if the backward shape memory effect proceeds as abruptly as possible and in a relatively small temperature interval so that the required difference of the surface-to-volume ratio for separate activation of different component sections is as small as possible. Figure 12 shows the variation of elongation as a function of tempera-ture for a composite of a thermoplastic material with 10 wt.% particles and for a polymer network with 5 wt.% particles. Recovery is much more abrupt in the network.
Separate activation of individual sections of a component therefore requires smaller SN
differ-ences of the component.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing a programmed article, said method comprising the steps of:
a) providing an article in its permanent shape in accordance with the above-described invention;
b) deforming a first section of the article at a material temperature above the switch-ing temperature of the shape memory composite material and subsequently cool-ing below the switching temperature; and c) deforming a second section of the article at a material temperature above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material and subsequently cooling below the switching temperature.
The above steps b) and c) can be performed in any order, consecutively or simultane-ously. The material temperature required to this end can be achieved thermally or by in-teraction with an alternating magnetic field. For sequential implementation it is advanta-geous to start deforming and subsequent cooling with the partial section having higher SN and subsequently apply this step to the section having a smaller SN so as not to remove the programming of the first-treated section. Any order of the programming steps (b) and (c) is possible as long as separate heating of the sections having different SN can be effected and such heating does not remove programming previously per-formed.
As an alternative to the above-described procedure, simultaneous or sequential defor-mation of the individual sections may also proceed below the switching temperature us-ing "cold stretching" wherein the article is subjected to deformation below the transition temperature. The section to be programmed by cold stretching can be selected at will.
Thus, both sections - and consequently both temporary shapes - of the article (TP1 and TP2) can be programmed by means of cold stretching. Alternatively, one section of the article can be programmed thermomechanically according to (a) or (b) (TP1) and the other section by cold stretching (TP2). Provided that the programming of a temporary form (TP1) programmed by cold stretching is not removed by partial heating, it is also possible to heat first and thereafter perform programming according to (a) and (b).
With materials whose switching transition is based on a glass transition, it is possible in another modification of the programming method to incorporate a suitable plasticizer in the polymer material below the switching temperature, e.g. at room temperature (e.g. by immersion in the plasticizer or a solution thereof), so that the switching temperature drops below ambient temperature and the sections undergo simultaneous or successive deformation at ambient temperature. The plasticizer is subsequently removed from the material, e.g. by extracting with a suitable solvent or applying a vacuum, thereby fixing the programmed temporary shapes. Similarly, a combination of different programming methods for the different sections of the article is possible, e.g. in such a way that one section is immersed in the plasticizer and programmed and another section is sepa-rately heated. Again, care must be taken that programming of one section does not re-move the programming of another section.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for retrieving stored shapes of an article programmed according to the method described above, including the steps of:
(a) exposing the article to a first alternating magnetic field which is suitable to heat a first section of the article with a first surface-to-volume ratio (SN1) to a tempera-ture above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material, said first section undergoing a shape transition and said article being transformed from a first temporary shape into a second temporary shape; and (b) exposing the article to a second alternating magnetic field which is suitable to heat a second section of the article with a second surface-to-volume ratio (SN2) greater than the first surface-to-volume ratio (SN1) of the first section above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material, said section un-dergoing a shape transition and said article being transformed from the second temporary shape into the permanent shape.
The transition from the first alternating magnetic field to the second alternating magnetic field may proceed by a step-by-step or continuous increase of the magnetic field strength and/or frequency.
In an alternative embodiment the magnetic field may also be interrupted (switched off) after step (a). The resulting temporary shape then remains stable until a second alter-nating magnetic field is applied in analogy to step (b).
Other preferred embodiments of the invention can be inferred from the other features specified in the subclaims.
The invention will be explained below in the examples with reference to the accompany-ing drawings wherein Figure 1 shows an example of an inventive article according to a first advanta-geous embodiment;
Figure 2 shows an example of an inventive article according to a second ad-vantageous embodiment;
Figure 3 shows the changes in (a) thermal and (b) mechanical-physical proper-ties of an SMP composite network with 5 wt.% magnetic nanoparticles as a function of temperature;
The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing an article exhibiting a magnetically stimulable shape memory effect, which is capable of performing more than one magnetically induced shape transitions. In addition, said article should be produc-ible as easily as possible from a uniform material.
Said object is accomplished by means of an article having the features of claim 1. The article according to the invention is made of a shape memory composite material com-prising a shape memory polymer and at least one magnetic material embedded therein.
The shape memory polymer is a "conventional" SMP having a thermally stimulable shape memory effect, i.e., it is able to perform at least one shape transition, induced by temperature, from a thermomechanically programmed temporary shape into a perma-nent shape. As for the magnetic material, the only important issue is its ability to interact in an alternating magnetic field in such a way that heating takes place. Thus, the mag-netic material can be heated by induction via an alternating magnetic field, so that heat-ing of the polymer material above its switching temperature can take place, thereby in-ducing shape recovery. The article is remarkable in that it exhibits at least two directly or indirectly interconnected sections differing from each other by a different surface/volume ratio, SN. The invention, which in particular resides in the special geometric configura-tion of the article, makes use of the fact that geometric bodies consisting of shape memory composite materials having different SN assume different material tempera-tures in a given alternating magnetic field (Figure 9). More specifically, the maximum achievable material temperature of a geometric body becomes lower with increasing surface/volume ratio thereof. This can be attributed to the relatively higher heat transfer to the environment as compared to a body having a smaller SN. According to the inven-tion, a plurality of partial sections having different SN are present in the article, making it possible to utilize the heat transport processes within the component, including inter-action with the environment, in such a way that the section having the smallest SN will reach the material temperature required for shape recovery (switching) in a suitable al-ternating magnetic field, while a section having a larger SN does not. Only when further increasing the magnetic field strength and/or frequency, the partial section having the larger SN will reach the material temperature required for shape recovery to perform the previously programmed shape transition. Without increasing the ambient tempera-ture it is possible in this way to retrieve a number of shapes by successively intensifying the external magnetic field, the shape transitions of the individual partial sections being switched separately in a time-shifted manner. In contrast to the shape transition by in-creasing the ambient temperature, it is possible according to the invention to separately switch locally separated partial sections of the article, initially switching the section hav-ing the smallest SN, followed by the other sections in the order of their SN.
Conse-quently, the number of programmable temporary shapes is ultimately determined solely by the number of sections having different surface/volume ratios.
One advantage of the invention resides in the fact that the article can be produced in the form of a single piece from a uniform composite material so that all sections having dif-ferent SN consist of the same material. Compared to a conceivable alternative, namely, implementing a series of successive shape transitions by means of different materials of partial sections, e.g. via different concentrations of the magnetic material or by means of different shape memory polymers having different switching temperatures, the inventive one-piece article of uniform material is easy to produce, for instance in a injection mold-ing process or the like.
In the context of the present invention the term "section" (or partial section) is under-stood to be a visually distinguishable portion of the article, the boundaries of which be-ing defined by the geometric situation in the body rather than exhibiting a random course. More specifically, the sections involve the remarkable feature that the transition from one SN of a section to an SN of another section at the boundary surface thereof is abrupt or - at least in relation to the overall expanse of the article -steep. In this context, "steep" is understood to be a transition between two adjacent surface/volume ratios ex-tending over a length of at maximum 10% of the overall expanse of the article.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the at least two sections of each article have a constant material thickness in at least one direction in space. Thus, given a flat design of the article, different surface/volume ratios can only be implemented by varying the material thickness of the sections. Alternatively, or in addition to the above measure, it is advantageous if each of the at least two sections has an SN that is constant in at least one direction in space, especially along the longitudinal expanse. The presence of a constant surface/volume ratio within a section achieves locally uniform heat dissipation into the environment and thus homogeneous material temperature within the section when exposing the article to a specific magnetic field. Thus, cooperative shape recovery in the entire section is initiated when the material temperature exceeds the switching temperature of the shape memory polymer.
It is preferably envisaged that the surface/volume ratios of the different sections of the article differ by a factor of at least 1.2, particularly at least 1.5. Even more advantageous is a difference by a factor of at least 2. This ensures sufficiently large differences of the magnetic field strengths and/or frequencies required to switch the respective sections.
For the same reason it is preferably envisaged that the at least two segments are se-lected in such a way that their surface/volume ratios correspond to a difference of the maximum material temperature achievable in a given magnetic field of at least 10 K, particularly at least 15 K, and even more advantageously at least 20 K.
As envisaged in another advantageous embodiment of the invention, the sections of the article are not directly connected to each other, but indirectly through an interposed thermally insulating section. For example, the latter may be characterized by a surface-to-volume ratio as high as possible, which is associated with a high heat dissipation rate into the environment, in which event the SN of the thermally insulating section corre-sponds to at least the SN of that section of the two which has the higher SN
and par-ticularly exceeds this SN by at least 10%, preferably at least 20%.
The relationship between thermally induced shape memory transition and surface-to-volume ratio SN can be seen in Figures 10 and 11 wherein, on the one hand, the elon-gation is plotted versus the temperature (Figure 10) and, on the other hand, the de-pendence of the maximum temperature Tmax achievable in a given magnetic field on the SN for composite materials with nanoparticle contents of 1.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 wt.%
is shown (Figure 11). Accordingly, different material temperatures and thus initiation of the shape memory effect can be achieved by using different SN. Furthermore, the ad-vantages of a desirably high slope of the characteristic line in the Tmax-versus-SN dia-= CA 02708620 2010-06-09 gram become apparent, because in this way the SN difference at a given temperature interval is preferably low (see auxiliary lines in Figure 11), or the adjustable temperature interval at a given SN is as large as possible. A characteristic line with a higher slope can be achieved either by changing the particle material or by increasing the content of nanoparticles (Figure 11).
It is also advantageous if the backward shape memory effect proceeds as abruptly as possible and in a relatively small temperature interval so that the required difference of the surface-to-volume ratio for separate activation of different component sections is as small as possible. Figure 12 shows the variation of elongation as a function of tempera-ture for a composite of a thermoplastic material with 10 wt.% particles and for a polymer network with 5 wt.% particles. Recovery is much more abrupt in the network.
Separate activation of individual sections of a component therefore requires smaller SN
differ-ences of the component.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing a programmed article, said method comprising the steps of:
a) providing an article in its permanent shape in accordance with the above-described invention;
b) deforming a first section of the article at a material temperature above the switch-ing temperature of the shape memory composite material and subsequently cool-ing below the switching temperature; and c) deforming a second section of the article at a material temperature above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material and subsequently cooling below the switching temperature.
The above steps b) and c) can be performed in any order, consecutively or simultane-ously. The material temperature required to this end can be achieved thermally or by in-teraction with an alternating magnetic field. For sequential implementation it is advanta-geous to start deforming and subsequent cooling with the partial section having higher SN and subsequently apply this step to the section having a smaller SN so as not to remove the programming of the first-treated section. Any order of the programming steps (b) and (c) is possible as long as separate heating of the sections having different SN can be effected and such heating does not remove programming previously per-formed.
As an alternative to the above-described procedure, simultaneous or sequential defor-mation of the individual sections may also proceed below the switching temperature us-ing "cold stretching" wherein the article is subjected to deformation below the transition temperature. The section to be programmed by cold stretching can be selected at will.
Thus, both sections - and consequently both temporary shapes - of the article (TP1 and TP2) can be programmed by means of cold stretching. Alternatively, one section of the article can be programmed thermomechanically according to (a) or (b) (TP1) and the other section by cold stretching (TP2). Provided that the programming of a temporary form (TP1) programmed by cold stretching is not removed by partial heating, it is also possible to heat first and thereafter perform programming according to (a) and (b).
With materials whose switching transition is based on a glass transition, it is possible in another modification of the programming method to incorporate a suitable plasticizer in the polymer material below the switching temperature, e.g. at room temperature (e.g. by immersion in the plasticizer or a solution thereof), so that the switching temperature drops below ambient temperature and the sections undergo simultaneous or successive deformation at ambient temperature. The plasticizer is subsequently removed from the material, e.g. by extracting with a suitable solvent or applying a vacuum, thereby fixing the programmed temporary shapes. Similarly, a combination of different programming methods for the different sections of the article is possible, e.g. in such a way that one section is immersed in the plasticizer and programmed and another section is sepa-rately heated. Again, care must be taken that programming of one section does not re-move the programming of another section.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for retrieving stored shapes of an article programmed according to the method described above, including the steps of:
(a) exposing the article to a first alternating magnetic field which is suitable to heat a first section of the article with a first surface-to-volume ratio (SN1) to a tempera-ture above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material, said first section undergoing a shape transition and said article being transformed from a first temporary shape into a second temporary shape; and (b) exposing the article to a second alternating magnetic field which is suitable to heat a second section of the article with a second surface-to-volume ratio (SN2) greater than the first surface-to-volume ratio (SN1) of the first section above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material, said section un-dergoing a shape transition and said article being transformed from the second temporary shape into the permanent shape.
The transition from the first alternating magnetic field to the second alternating magnetic field may proceed by a step-by-step or continuous increase of the magnetic field strength and/or frequency.
In an alternative embodiment the magnetic field may also be interrupted (switched off) after step (a). The resulting temporary shape then remains stable until a second alter-nating magnetic field is applied in analogy to step (b).
Other preferred embodiments of the invention can be inferred from the other features specified in the subclaims.
The invention will be explained below in the examples with reference to the accompany-ing drawings wherein Figure 1 shows an example of an inventive article according to a first advanta-geous embodiment;
Figure 2 shows an example of an inventive article according to a second ad-vantageous embodiment;
Figure 3 shows the changes in (a) thermal and (b) mechanical-physical proper-ties of an SMP composite network with 5 wt.% magnetic nanoparticles as a function of temperature;
Figure 4 shows the experimentally determined relationship of the maximum achievable material temperature Tmax of a test specimen in an alter-nating magnetic field as a function of its surface-to-volume ratio;
Figure 5 A-D shows the stages of the programming process of an article in accor-dance with Figure 2 and the retrieval of the magnetically stimulated shape transitions;
Figure 6 shows the recovery angle of two sample sections with different SN of an article in accordance with Figure 2 as a function of the magnetic field strength;
Figure 7 shows the experimental setup for investigating the magnetically stimu-lated shape memory effect in two test specimens with different SN;
Figure 8 shows the recovery results of the test specimens in accordance with Figure 7 as a function of the magnetic field strength;
Figure 9 shows the temporal course of the material temperature at a magnetic field strength of 19.25 kA/m for a composite material with 5 wt.%
magnetic particles and different SN (1.3, 1.6, 2.3 and 4.3) ;
Figure 10 shows the dependence of the elongation on the material temperature of a composite material with 5 wt.% magnetic particles;
Figure 11 shows the dependence of the maximum achievable material tempera-ture Tmax on the SN for a composite material with different contents of magnetic particles in a magnetic field of 19.25 kA/m; and Figure 12 shows the change of elongation as a function of the material tempera-ture of a composite material consisting of a thermoplastic shape memory polymer with 10 wt.% magnetic particles and of a polymer network with 10 wt.% magnetic particles.
Figure 5 A-D shows the stages of the programming process of an article in accor-dance with Figure 2 and the retrieval of the magnetically stimulated shape transitions;
Figure 6 shows the recovery angle of two sample sections with different SN of an article in accordance with Figure 2 as a function of the magnetic field strength;
Figure 7 shows the experimental setup for investigating the magnetically stimu-lated shape memory effect in two test specimens with different SN;
Figure 8 shows the recovery results of the test specimens in accordance with Figure 7 as a function of the magnetic field strength;
Figure 9 shows the temporal course of the material temperature at a magnetic field strength of 19.25 kA/m for a composite material with 5 wt.%
magnetic particles and different SN (1.3, 1.6, 2.3 and 4.3) ;
Figure 10 shows the dependence of the elongation on the material temperature of a composite material with 5 wt.% magnetic particles;
Figure 11 shows the dependence of the maximum achievable material tempera-ture Tmax on the SN for a composite material with different contents of magnetic particles in a magnetic field of 19.25 kA/m; and Figure 12 shows the change of elongation as a function of the material tempera-ture of a composite material consisting of a thermoplastic shape memory polymer with 10 wt.% magnetic particles and of a polymer network with 10 wt.% magnetic particles.
Figure 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of an inventive article which, following suit-able programming, can perform two magnetically induced shape transitions. The article, referred to as 10 as a whole, consists of a shape memory composite material 12 pref-erably produced as a single piece and comprising a shape memory polymer 14 and a magnetic material 16 embedded therein.
The shape memory polymer 14 is a polymer network with thermally inducible shape memory effect (SMP). Network formation may proceed via covalent bonds or physical interactions such as electrostatic effects. In addition to crosslinking sites, the polymer network comprises at least one type of a switching segment which has a material-dependent transition temperature, e.g. a crystallization temperature or a glass transition temperature. A wide variety of polymer networks with a shape memory effect have been described in the literature. In principle, the present invention is not limited to a specific material. For example, the polymer network may have a switching segment selected from the group of polyesters, particularly poly(c-caprolactone); polyethers, polyure-thanes, polyether urethanes, polyamides, polyimides, polyether imides, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyvinyls, polystyrenes, polyoxymethylenes, poly(para-dioxanone), or others. It is also conceivable that the polymer network has two or more different switching segments from the above group, or others. The at least one switching seg-ment is preferably selected in such a way that the switching temperature thereof is in a range that is acceptable for a given application.
The shape memory polymer may optionally have hydrolytically cleavable groups, par-ticularly ester, amide, anhydride, carbonate, ether, orthoester groups or combinations thereof. As a result, biodegradable materials are obtained, and this may be advanta-geous particularly for applications in the field of biomedicine. Biodegradable shape memory polymers are also sufficiently known from the literature. The present invention is not limited to specific members of this group.
Referring to the magnetic material 16, it is preferably envisaged that this material is in the form of particles, particularly in the form of microparticles or nanoparticles. In this context, microparticles are defined by a mean particle diameter in the range of from 1 to 999 m and nanoparticles by a mean particle diameter in the range of from 1 to 999 nm.
The shape memory polymer 14 is a polymer network with thermally inducible shape memory effect (SMP). Network formation may proceed via covalent bonds or physical interactions such as electrostatic effects. In addition to crosslinking sites, the polymer network comprises at least one type of a switching segment which has a material-dependent transition temperature, e.g. a crystallization temperature or a glass transition temperature. A wide variety of polymer networks with a shape memory effect have been described in the literature. In principle, the present invention is not limited to a specific material. For example, the polymer network may have a switching segment selected from the group of polyesters, particularly poly(c-caprolactone); polyethers, polyure-thanes, polyether urethanes, polyamides, polyimides, polyether imides, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyvinyls, polystyrenes, polyoxymethylenes, poly(para-dioxanone), or others. It is also conceivable that the polymer network has two or more different switching segments from the above group, or others. The at least one switching seg-ment is preferably selected in such a way that the switching temperature thereof is in a range that is acceptable for a given application.
The shape memory polymer may optionally have hydrolytically cleavable groups, par-ticularly ester, amide, anhydride, carbonate, ether, orthoester groups or combinations thereof. As a result, biodegradable materials are obtained, and this may be advanta-geous particularly for applications in the field of biomedicine. Biodegradable shape memory polymers are also sufficiently known from the literature. The present invention is not limited to specific members of this group.
Referring to the magnetic material 16, it is preferably envisaged that this material is in the form of particles, particularly in the form of microparticles or nanoparticles. In this context, microparticles are defined by a mean particle diameter in the range of from 1 to 999 m and nanoparticles by a mean particle diameter in the range of from 1 to 999 nm.
Consequently, this definition also includes a powdery consistency of the magnetic mate-rial 16. In material terms, all those materials are possible as magnetic material 16 which are capable of interacting in an alternating magnetic field in such a way that heating of the particles takes place. More specifically, the magnetic material may comprise metals such as Ni, Fe and/or Co. Also suitable are alloys, especially Ni-Si, Fe-Pt, Ni-Pd and/or Co-Pd. Furthermore, metal oxides can be used as magnetic material 16, particularly Ni-Zn-Fe-O, Ba-Co-Fe-O and/or Fe-O. In addition, magnetite or iron oxides can be used wherein the iron atoms are replaced at least partially with Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Mg, Cu, Cr, Cd and/or Ga. Ferrites are also suitable, especially Ni-Zn ferrites and/or Sr ferrites. Mix-tures of the above-mentioned materials are also possible. In a preferred fashion, mate-rials are employed which undergo homogeneous distribution in the polymer matrix, i.e.
result in a mixture as homogeneous as possible. Especially in those cases where such a behavior is absent, it can be envisaged to provide the particles of magnetic material 16 with a coating that improves the miscibility with the shape memory polymer.
In par-ticular, organic polymers are possible as coating material..
According to the invention, the article 10 has at least two sections; in the example as illustrated it has a section 18 with a relatively low SN and a section 20 with a relatively high SN. Given a cylindrical geometry in total, this is achieved by means of different di-ameters of the two sections 18 and 20, or, in the event of a planar geometry, by means of different thicknesses of the material. The article 10 illustrated in Figure 1 has an abrupt transition between the two surface-to-volume ratios of the sections 18 and 20, which also defines the visually perceptible boundary surface between the two sections 18 and 20. Alternatively, a gradual course between the surface-to-volume ratios can be envisaged, but is selected with such a steepness that the length of the transition region is at maximum 10% of the total length of article 10. It is also conceivable that the article has more than two sections with different SN so that more than two transitions can be programmed and triggered.
In a preferred embodiment of the article 10 according to the invention the design of the latter is such that heat conduction between two adjacent sections is reduced or even stopped. A relevant example of such an embodiment is shown in Figure 2.
Therein, identical elements are denoted with identical reference numbers. In the example as il-lustrated, thermal conduction is made impossible in that the two sections 20 and 18 are not directly connected to each other, but indirectly through an interposed thermally insu-lating section 22. The latter is preferably made of the same composite material 12 as the rest of article 10 so that a one-piece type of production is possible. For suppression of heat conduction, the insulating section 22 has both small contact surfaces to the ad-jacent sections 18 and 20 and a surface-to-volume ratio as high as possible.
In particu-lar, the SN of the insulating section 22 corresponds to at least that of the section with higher SN or preferably exceeds the latter. In the illustrated example this is section 20, the SN of the insulating section 22 being higher as a result of the smaller material thickness thereof.
According to an alternative option of suppressing the heat conduction between the sec-tions 18, 20, which is not shown herein, an insulating section made of a material having very low heat conductivity is arranged between the sections 18, 20. However, this option is associated with significantly higher expenses in production so that the former em-bodiment in accordance with Figure 2 is preferred.
To achieve the desired multiple shape effect, the shape memory properties of the poly-mer matrix 14 must be combined with the thermal properties of the composite 12 as a whole. As for the shape memory polymer 14, it is advantageous if this polymer has a switching region as narrow as possible, i.e. wide variation of the mechanical behavior (recovery) within a relatively small temperature interval. This is exemplified for a poly-mer network made of poly(s-caprolactone) dimethacrylate in Figure 3 wherein the lower diagram illustrates the percent change of the elongation 6 and the first derivative thereof versus the temperature. The upper part shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) diagram. It shows the melting point of the semicrystalline poly(E-caprolactone) at about 52 C. However, a glass transition Tg is also conceivable for systems having the herein described SN dependence upon magnetic actuation. It is important that the systems - in accordance with a high value of the first derivative of the elongation -exhibit a change in their mechanical behavior as abrupt as possible. A narrow melting range or glass transi-tion range is indicative of such systems, but not necessarily required. Inter alia, the ther-mal properties of the composite 12 are determined by the type of magnetic material 16 used. The thermal properties of the composite 12 are preferably selected in such a way that it exhibits a change as great as possible of the maximum achievable material tem-perature Tmax in dependence on the surface/volume ratio. Apart from the thermal con-ductivity of the shape memory composite material 12 and the heating rate of the mag-netic material 16 in an alternating magnetic field, the heat transfer to the surrounding medium is a crucial issue.
The dependence of the maximum achievable material temperature Tmax of a test specimen in a magnetic field on the surface/volume ratio thereof was investigated on an example material. Material samples were produced from a shape memory composite material consisting of a TPU polyether (Tecoflex EC 72 from Noveon Inc.) as shape memory polymer and iron(II) oxide nanoparticles in an SiO2 matrix (AdNano MagSilica 50, Degussa AG) as magnetic material. The test specimens had a cylindrical geometry and differed in their diameter and height and thus in their surface-to-volume ratio. The test specimens were exposed to a magnetic field with a field strength of 14 kA/m and a frequency of 253 kHz in still air, and the temperature of the test specimens was meas-ured after equilibrium conditions had established. The result is shown in Figure 4 wherein the maximum achievable material temperature Tmax is plotted versus SN.
As expected, it can be seen that Tmax drops with increasing ratio of surface to volume. For example, a test specimen with an SN of 3 exhibits a maximum temperature of 60 C and with an SN of 13.5 only 35 C. Also, it was investigated whether the achievable material temperature Tmax depends on the mass of the test specimens used. No dependence was found in the investigated mass range of from 45 to 320 mg. Sample masses of 50 mg and 250 mg showed approximately the same values for Tmax at approximately constant SN.
A method for producing a programmed body is illustrated with reference to the Figures 5A and 5B, using the example of article 10 from Figure 2. As shown in Figure 5A, the ar-ticle 10 is initially provided in its permanent shape, PS. If the shape memory polymer 14 used is a polymer network, the permanent shape PS is formed as early as during po-lymerization of the monomers or macromonomers, and the permanent shape PS is fixed by the generated crosslinking sites. In the event of thermoplastics polymerized prior to shaping thereof, the permanent shape PS is produced by solidification of the polymer melt in suitable molds, for instance in an injection molding process. In both cases it is possible to change the permanent shape afterwards by means of mechanical (material-removing) or thermomechanical processing.
result in a mixture as homogeneous as possible. Especially in those cases where such a behavior is absent, it can be envisaged to provide the particles of magnetic material 16 with a coating that improves the miscibility with the shape memory polymer.
In par-ticular, organic polymers are possible as coating material..
According to the invention, the article 10 has at least two sections; in the example as illustrated it has a section 18 with a relatively low SN and a section 20 with a relatively high SN. Given a cylindrical geometry in total, this is achieved by means of different di-ameters of the two sections 18 and 20, or, in the event of a planar geometry, by means of different thicknesses of the material. The article 10 illustrated in Figure 1 has an abrupt transition between the two surface-to-volume ratios of the sections 18 and 20, which also defines the visually perceptible boundary surface between the two sections 18 and 20. Alternatively, a gradual course between the surface-to-volume ratios can be envisaged, but is selected with such a steepness that the length of the transition region is at maximum 10% of the total length of article 10. It is also conceivable that the article has more than two sections with different SN so that more than two transitions can be programmed and triggered.
In a preferred embodiment of the article 10 according to the invention the design of the latter is such that heat conduction between two adjacent sections is reduced or even stopped. A relevant example of such an embodiment is shown in Figure 2.
Therein, identical elements are denoted with identical reference numbers. In the example as il-lustrated, thermal conduction is made impossible in that the two sections 20 and 18 are not directly connected to each other, but indirectly through an interposed thermally insu-lating section 22. The latter is preferably made of the same composite material 12 as the rest of article 10 so that a one-piece type of production is possible. For suppression of heat conduction, the insulating section 22 has both small contact surfaces to the ad-jacent sections 18 and 20 and a surface-to-volume ratio as high as possible.
In particu-lar, the SN of the insulating section 22 corresponds to at least that of the section with higher SN or preferably exceeds the latter. In the illustrated example this is section 20, the SN of the insulating section 22 being higher as a result of the smaller material thickness thereof.
According to an alternative option of suppressing the heat conduction between the sec-tions 18, 20, which is not shown herein, an insulating section made of a material having very low heat conductivity is arranged between the sections 18, 20. However, this option is associated with significantly higher expenses in production so that the former em-bodiment in accordance with Figure 2 is preferred.
To achieve the desired multiple shape effect, the shape memory properties of the poly-mer matrix 14 must be combined with the thermal properties of the composite 12 as a whole. As for the shape memory polymer 14, it is advantageous if this polymer has a switching region as narrow as possible, i.e. wide variation of the mechanical behavior (recovery) within a relatively small temperature interval. This is exemplified for a poly-mer network made of poly(s-caprolactone) dimethacrylate in Figure 3 wherein the lower diagram illustrates the percent change of the elongation 6 and the first derivative thereof versus the temperature. The upper part shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) diagram. It shows the melting point of the semicrystalline poly(E-caprolactone) at about 52 C. However, a glass transition Tg is also conceivable for systems having the herein described SN dependence upon magnetic actuation. It is important that the systems - in accordance with a high value of the first derivative of the elongation -exhibit a change in their mechanical behavior as abrupt as possible. A narrow melting range or glass transi-tion range is indicative of such systems, but not necessarily required. Inter alia, the ther-mal properties of the composite 12 are determined by the type of magnetic material 16 used. The thermal properties of the composite 12 are preferably selected in such a way that it exhibits a change as great as possible of the maximum achievable material tem-perature Tmax in dependence on the surface/volume ratio. Apart from the thermal con-ductivity of the shape memory composite material 12 and the heating rate of the mag-netic material 16 in an alternating magnetic field, the heat transfer to the surrounding medium is a crucial issue.
The dependence of the maximum achievable material temperature Tmax of a test specimen in a magnetic field on the surface/volume ratio thereof was investigated on an example material. Material samples were produced from a shape memory composite material consisting of a TPU polyether (Tecoflex EC 72 from Noveon Inc.) as shape memory polymer and iron(II) oxide nanoparticles in an SiO2 matrix (AdNano MagSilica 50, Degussa AG) as magnetic material. The test specimens had a cylindrical geometry and differed in their diameter and height and thus in their surface-to-volume ratio. The test specimens were exposed to a magnetic field with a field strength of 14 kA/m and a frequency of 253 kHz in still air, and the temperature of the test specimens was meas-ured after equilibrium conditions had established. The result is shown in Figure 4 wherein the maximum achievable material temperature Tmax is plotted versus SN.
As expected, it can be seen that Tmax drops with increasing ratio of surface to volume. For example, a test specimen with an SN of 3 exhibits a maximum temperature of 60 C and with an SN of 13.5 only 35 C. Also, it was investigated whether the achievable material temperature Tmax depends on the mass of the test specimens used. No dependence was found in the investigated mass range of from 45 to 320 mg. Sample masses of 50 mg and 250 mg showed approximately the same values for Tmax at approximately constant SN.
A method for producing a programmed body is illustrated with reference to the Figures 5A and 5B, using the example of article 10 from Figure 2. As shown in Figure 5A, the ar-ticle 10 is initially provided in its permanent shape, PS. If the shape memory polymer 14 used is a polymer network, the permanent shape PS is formed as early as during po-lymerization of the monomers or macromonomers, and the permanent shape PS is fixed by the generated crosslinking sites. In the event of thermoplastics polymerized prior to shaping thereof, the permanent shape PS is produced by solidification of the polymer melt in suitable molds, for instance in an injection molding process. In both cases it is possible to change the permanent shape afterwards by means of mechanical (material-removing) or thermomechanical processing.
As illustrated in Figures 5 A and B, subsequent programming of the article 10 may pro-ceed in such a way that the article 10 is initially heated to a temperature above the switching temperature and deformed at this temperature, followed by cooling below the switching temperature, thereby exerting a shaping force on the article 10. As a result, the first temporary shape, TS1, is fixed. In the illustrated example, deformation of the two sections 18, 20 proceeds simultaneously at elevated temperature.
Alternatively, each of the two sections 18, 20 can be separately heated, deformed and subsequently fixed. In this event, the section 20 having the higher SN is initially deformed above the switching temperature, followed by cooling so that the second temporary shape, TS2, is fixed. Thereafter, the section 18 having the lower SN is deformed above the switching temperature, followed by cooling so that the first temporary shape, TS1, is fixed. Care should be taken in programming so that programming of one section would not remove the programming of another section. In particular, the SN of one section of the article should not pass through the SN of another section during recovery into the permanent shape.
As an alternative to the thermomechanical programming illustrated above, programming may also be performed by cold stretching, or, with materials whose switching is based on a glass transition, by temporary incorporation of plasticizers, in such a way that the switching temperature drops below ambient temperature. It is also possible to use dif-ferent programming methods for the different sections 18, 20.
The retrieval of stored shapes of a programmed article is illustrated in Figure 5, B
through D. Starting from the first temporary shape TS1, in which both partial sections 18 and 20 are present fixed in their deformed shapes (Figure 5B), the article 10 is exposed to a first magnetic field M1, the magnetic field strength and/or frequency of which is suitable to heat the section 18 having the lower SN to a temperature above the switch-ing temperature of the shape memory polymer. This causes shape recovery of the sec-tion 18 into its original shape, and the article 10 is transformed from its first temporary shape TS1 into its second temporary shape TS2 (Figure 5C). The second temporary shape TS2 remains stable as long as the article 10 is not exposed to a stronger mag-netic field or an ambient temperature above the switching temperature. To additionally restore the permanent shape PS, the article 10 present in its second temporary shape TS2 is exposed to a second magnetic field M2, the magnetic field strength and/or fre-quency of which is suitable to additionally heat the section 20 having the higher SN to or above the switching temperature. This causes recovery of the section 20 into its original shape, and the article 10 is transformed from its second temporary shape TS2 into the permanent shape PS (Figure 5D). Although the section 18 is correspondingly heated during this step, no change in shape takes place in this case because this sec-tion is already present in its permanent shape. Consequently, the overall geometry of article 10 must be selected in such a way that, even during switching the last change in shape, i.e. the section with the highest SN, the elevated temperatures in the first-switched sections with lower SN would not be detrimental to the application and the re-quired stability of the whole component is retained.
Magnetically inducible multi-shape effect of a composite made of a PCL polymer network and magnetic nanoparticles A composite material of thermally crosslinked PCL dimethacrylate (10 kD) and 5 wt.%
nanoparticles (AdNano MagSilica 50, Degussa Advanced Nanomaterials) was pre-pared. Using this material, a test specimen in the form of a flat body (permanent shape) was produced by casting in a Teflon mold. The test specimen essentially corresponded to the one illustrated in Figure 2 and comprised two blocks (sections 18, 20) of different geometry, and the first section 18 had an SN of 0.8 m-1 and the second had an SN of 2.8 m-1. The two sections 18, 20 were connected to each other via a bridge 1 mm in height and functioning as insulating section 22. Programming the first temporary shape TS1 was performed by rectangular bending of the sample ends at 80 C and subsequent cooling as represented in Figure 5B. Recovery was subsequently effected in a magnetic field at a field strength of 14 kA/m and 254 kHz in air at an ambient temperature of 25 C. This involved initial recovery of section 18 having the lower SN of 0.8 m-1 (in accor-dance with Figure 5C). Recovery from TS1 to TS2 required reaching the switching tem-perature in the square section 18 and took several minutes. The other section 20 re-mained unchanged during this process. Thereafter, the magnetic field strength was in-creased to 19.3 kA/m, effecting similar recovery of section 20 having the higher SN.
Again, a flat body corresponding to the permanent shape PS (Figure 5D) was obtained.
Quantification of the SN influence on recovery in a magnetic field To investigate the dependence of the magnetically induced shape memory effect on the geometry, especially the surface-to-volume ratio, the sections of a thus-prepared test specimen were deformed on both sides to an angle of 900 at an ambient temperature of 80 C and fixed by cooling to 25 C (programming). The test specimen, accordingly being in its temporary shape, was placed in a high-frequency magnetic field coil.
The magnetic field strength was subsequently increased by 0.2 kA/m at intervals of 40 seconds. Re-covery was recorded on a videotape. The recovery angle versus time was subsequently evaluated on the monitor. The recovery angles for test specimen sections with different SN are plotted versus the magnetic field strength in Figure 6. As is clearly seen, the section having the lower SN (square symbols) has already undergone recovery, while the section having the higher SN (circular symbols) still has its temporary shape. Only after further increasing the magnetic field strength, this section returns to its original shape.
Quantification of the SN influence on recovery in a magnetic field using the ex-ample of a PPDL-PCL molding To investigate the dependence of the magnetically induced shape memory effect on the geometry, especially the surface-to-volume ratio, test specimens were prepared from a composite material consisting of a copolymer of polypentadecalactone (PPDL) and poly( c-caprolactone) (PCL) and 10 wt.% nanoparticles (AdNano MagSilica 50, Degussa Ad-vanced Nanomaterials, AdNano MagSilica 50, Degussa Advanced Nanomaterials, 50 to 60 wt.% iron(III) oxide in an SiO2 matrix). The standard test specimens (IBB accord-ing to EN ISO 527-2) were produced in an injection molding process and had a material thickness of 1 mm and 2 mm and consequently an SN of 3.1 and 2.1, respectively. The corresponding test specimens 24 and 26 in their permanent shape are shown on the left in Figure 7. The test specimens were deformed to an acute angle of about 110 at an ambient temperature of 60 C and fixed by cooling (programming). The test specimens 24' and 26', accordingly being in their temporary shape, are shown on the right in Figure 7. Thereafter, the shape memory effect in the two programmed samples 24' and 26' was initiated in a high-frequency magnetic field, during which process the samples were fixed on a sample holder in the induction center of the magnetic field. The recovery an-gle was measured after magnetic field exposure for five minutes each time.
Full recov-ery corresponds to a recovery angle of 0 . The magnetic field strength was increased step by step, and the recovery was determined each time. The results are shown in Fig-ure 8. It was found that recovery was almost absent at relatively high SN
(test specimen 24, 1 mm) at low magnetic field strengths and very low at higher magnetic field strengths. This implies that, even at the highest investigated magnetic field strength, the material temperature required for recovery was not achieved for test specimen 24 with high SN. In contrast, recovery to an angle of about 200 was achieved with lower SN
(test specimen 26, 2 mm) from a magnetic field strength of about 15 kA/m on.
Similarly, a thermally induced recovery at 60 C performed for comparison failed to exhibit com-plete recovery.
Alternatively, each of the two sections 18, 20 can be separately heated, deformed and subsequently fixed. In this event, the section 20 having the higher SN is initially deformed above the switching temperature, followed by cooling so that the second temporary shape, TS2, is fixed. Thereafter, the section 18 having the lower SN is deformed above the switching temperature, followed by cooling so that the first temporary shape, TS1, is fixed. Care should be taken in programming so that programming of one section would not remove the programming of another section. In particular, the SN of one section of the article should not pass through the SN of another section during recovery into the permanent shape.
As an alternative to the thermomechanical programming illustrated above, programming may also be performed by cold stretching, or, with materials whose switching is based on a glass transition, by temporary incorporation of plasticizers, in such a way that the switching temperature drops below ambient temperature. It is also possible to use dif-ferent programming methods for the different sections 18, 20.
The retrieval of stored shapes of a programmed article is illustrated in Figure 5, B
through D. Starting from the first temporary shape TS1, in which both partial sections 18 and 20 are present fixed in their deformed shapes (Figure 5B), the article 10 is exposed to a first magnetic field M1, the magnetic field strength and/or frequency of which is suitable to heat the section 18 having the lower SN to a temperature above the switch-ing temperature of the shape memory polymer. This causes shape recovery of the sec-tion 18 into its original shape, and the article 10 is transformed from its first temporary shape TS1 into its second temporary shape TS2 (Figure 5C). The second temporary shape TS2 remains stable as long as the article 10 is not exposed to a stronger mag-netic field or an ambient temperature above the switching temperature. To additionally restore the permanent shape PS, the article 10 present in its second temporary shape TS2 is exposed to a second magnetic field M2, the magnetic field strength and/or fre-quency of which is suitable to additionally heat the section 20 having the higher SN to or above the switching temperature. This causes recovery of the section 20 into its original shape, and the article 10 is transformed from its second temporary shape TS2 into the permanent shape PS (Figure 5D). Although the section 18 is correspondingly heated during this step, no change in shape takes place in this case because this sec-tion is already present in its permanent shape. Consequently, the overall geometry of article 10 must be selected in such a way that, even during switching the last change in shape, i.e. the section with the highest SN, the elevated temperatures in the first-switched sections with lower SN would not be detrimental to the application and the re-quired stability of the whole component is retained.
Magnetically inducible multi-shape effect of a composite made of a PCL polymer network and magnetic nanoparticles A composite material of thermally crosslinked PCL dimethacrylate (10 kD) and 5 wt.%
nanoparticles (AdNano MagSilica 50, Degussa Advanced Nanomaterials) was pre-pared. Using this material, a test specimen in the form of a flat body (permanent shape) was produced by casting in a Teflon mold. The test specimen essentially corresponded to the one illustrated in Figure 2 and comprised two blocks (sections 18, 20) of different geometry, and the first section 18 had an SN of 0.8 m-1 and the second had an SN of 2.8 m-1. The two sections 18, 20 were connected to each other via a bridge 1 mm in height and functioning as insulating section 22. Programming the first temporary shape TS1 was performed by rectangular bending of the sample ends at 80 C and subsequent cooling as represented in Figure 5B. Recovery was subsequently effected in a magnetic field at a field strength of 14 kA/m and 254 kHz in air at an ambient temperature of 25 C. This involved initial recovery of section 18 having the lower SN of 0.8 m-1 (in accor-dance with Figure 5C). Recovery from TS1 to TS2 required reaching the switching tem-perature in the square section 18 and took several minutes. The other section 20 re-mained unchanged during this process. Thereafter, the magnetic field strength was in-creased to 19.3 kA/m, effecting similar recovery of section 20 having the higher SN.
Again, a flat body corresponding to the permanent shape PS (Figure 5D) was obtained.
Quantification of the SN influence on recovery in a magnetic field To investigate the dependence of the magnetically induced shape memory effect on the geometry, especially the surface-to-volume ratio, the sections of a thus-prepared test specimen were deformed on both sides to an angle of 900 at an ambient temperature of 80 C and fixed by cooling to 25 C (programming). The test specimen, accordingly being in its temporary shape, was placed in a high-frequency magnetic field coil.
The magnetic field strength was subsequently increased by 0.2 kA/m at intervals of 40 seconds. Re-covery was recorded on a videotape. The recovery angle versus time was subsequently evaluated on the monitor. The recovery angles for test specimen sections with different SN are plotted versus the magnetic field strength in Figure 6. As is clearly seen, the section having the lower SN (square symbols) has already undergone recovery, while the section having the higher SN (circular symbols) still has its temporary shape. Only after further increasing the magnetic field strength, this section returns to its original shape.
Quantification of the SN influence on recovery in a magnetic field using the ex-ample of a PPDL-PCL molding To investigate the dependence of the magnetically induced shape memory effect on the geometry, especially the surface-to-volume ratio, test specimens were prepared from a composite material consisting of a copolymer of polypentadecalactone (PPDL) and poly( c-caprolactone) (PCL) and 10 wt.% nanoparticles (AdNano MagSilica 50, Degussa Ad-vanced Nanomaterials, AdNano MagSilica 50, Degussa Advanced Nanomaterials, 50 to 60 wt.% iron(III) oxide in an SiO2 matrix). The standard test specimens (IBB accord-ing to EN ISO 527-2) were produced in an injection molding process and had a material thickness of 1 mm and 2 mm and consequently an SN of 3.1 and 2.1, respectively. The corresponding test specimens 24 and 26 in their permanent shape are shown on the left in Figure 7. The test specimens were deformed to an acute angle of about 110 at an ambient temperature of 60 C and fixed by cooling (programming). The test specimens 24' and 26', accordingly being in their temporary shape, are shown on the right in Figure 7. Thereafter, the shape memory effect in the two programmed samples 24' and 26' was initiated in a high-frequency magnetic field, during which process the samples were fixed on a sample holder in the induction center of the magnetic field. The recovery an-gle was measured after magnetic field exposure for five minutes each time.
Full recov-ery corresponds to a recovery angle of 0 . The magnetic field strength was increased step by step, and the recovery was determined each time. The results are shown in Fig-ure 8. It was found that recovery was almost absent at relatively high SN
(test specimen 24, 1 mm) at low magnetic field strengths and very low at higher magnetic field strengths. This implies that, even at the highest investigated magnetic field strength, the material temperature required for recovery was not achieved for test specimen 24 with high SN. In contrast, recovery to an angle of about 200 was achieved with lower SN
(test specimen 26, 2 mm) from a magnetic field strength of about 15 kA/m on.
Similarly, a thermally induced recovery at 60 C performed for comparison failed to exhibit com-plete recovery.
Reference numbers and abbreviations Article 12 Shape memory composite material 14 Shape memory polymer 16 Magnetic material 18 First section Second section 22 Insulating section 24 Test specimen, permanent shape 24' Test specimen, temporary shape 26 Test specimen, permanent shape 26' Test specimen, temporary shape PS Permanent shape TS1 First temporary shape TS2 Second temporary shape SN Surface-to-volume ratio
Claims (15)
1. An article (10) made of a shape memory composite material (12) comprising a shape memory polymer (14) and a magnetic material (16) embedded therein, said shape memory polymer (14) after thermomechanical programming being capable of undergoing at least one temperature-induced shape transition from a temporary shape into a permanent shape, characterized in that the article (10) has at least two directly or indirectly interconnected sections (18, 20) differing from each other by a different surface/volume ratio (S/V).
2. The article (10) according to claim 1, characterized in that the transition between the surface-to-volume ratios (S/V) of the at least two sec-tions (18, 20) at their boundary surface is abrupt or, in relation to the overall ex-panse of the article (10), steep.
3. The article (10) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that each of the at least two sections (18, 20) has a constant material thickness in at least one direction in space and/or a constant surface/volume ratio (S/V) in at least a direction in space, particularly along the longitudinal expanse of the sec-tions (18, 20).
4. The article (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surface-to-volume ratios (S/V) of the at least two sections (18, 20) differ by a factor of at least 1.2, especially at least 1.5, and preferably at least 2Ø
5. The article (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surface-to-volume ratios (S/V) of the at least two sections (18, 20) are se-lected in such a way that they exhibit a difference of the maximum material tem-perature (T max) achievable in a given magnetic field of at least 10 K, particularly at least 15 K, and preferably at least 20 K.
6. The article (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least two sections (18, 20) are connected to each other via a thermally insu-lating section (22), particularly a section whose surface-to-volume ratio (S/V) cor-responds to at least that of the section (18, 20) having the higher surface-to-volume ratio (S/V).
7. The article (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the magnetic material (16) is in the form of particles, especially in the form of mi-croparticles having a mean particle diameter in the range of from 1 to 999 µm or in the form of nanoparticles with a mean particle diameter in the range of from 1 to 999 nm.
8. The article (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the magnetic material (16) is at least one component selected from the group comprising metals, especially Ni, Fe and Co; alloys, particularly Ni-Si, Fe-Pt, Ni-Pd and Co-Pd; metal oxides, particularly Ni-Zn-Fe-O, Ba-Co-Fe-O and Fe-O;
magnetites or iron oxides wherein the iron atoms are partially replaced with Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Mg, Cu, Cr, Cd and/or Ga; ferrites, particularly Ni-Zn and Sr ferrites.
magnetites or iron oxides wherein the iron atoms are partially replaced with Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Mg, Cu, Cr, Cd and/or Ga; ferrites, particularly Ni-Zn and Sr ferrites.
9. The article (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the particles of the magnetic material (16) have a coating of material that improves the miscibility with the shape memory polymer (14).
10. The article (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the shape memory polymer (14) comprises a physically or covalently crosslinked polymer network which has at least one switching segment selected from the group of polyesters, particularly poly(E-caprolactone); polyethers, polyurethanes, polyether urethanes, polyamides, polyimides, polyether imides, polyacrylates, po-lymethacrylates, polyvinyls, polystyrenes, polyoxymethylenes, poly(para-dioxanone).
11. The article (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the shape memory polymer (14) contains hydrolytically cleavable groups, particu-larly ester, amide, anhydride, carbonate, ether, and/or orthoester groups.
12. The article (10) according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the magnetic substance (16) is homogeneously distributed in the shape memory polymer (14).
13. A method for producing a programmed article (10), said method including the steps of:
a) providing an article (10) according to any of claims 1 to 12 in a permanent shape;
b) deforming a first section (18) of the article (10) at a material temperature above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material (12) and subsequently cooling below the switching temperature; and c) deforming a second section (20) of the article (10) at a material temperature above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material (12) and subsequently cooling below the switching temperature;
wherein the steps b) and c) can be performed in any order or simultaneously.
a) providing an article (10) according to any of claims 1 to 12 in a permanent shape;
b) deforming a first section (18) of the article (10) at a material temperature above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material (12) and subsequently cooling below the switching temperature; and c) deforming a second section (20) of the article (10) at a material temperature above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material (12) and subsequently cooling below the switching temperature;
wherein the steps b) and c) can be performed in any order or simultaneously.
14. A method for retrieving stored shapes of a programmed article (10) according to any of claims 1 to 12, said method including the steps of:
(a) exposing the article (10) to a first alternating magnetic field which is suitable to heat a first section (18) of the article (10) with a first surface-to-volume ra-tio (S/V1) above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material (12), said first section (18) undergoing a shape transition and said article (10) being transformed from a first temporary shape (TS1) into a sec-ond temporary shape (TS2); and (b) exposing the article (10) to a second alternating magnetic field which is suit-able to heat a second section (20) of the article (10) with a second surface-to-volume ratio (S/V2) greater than the first surface-to-volume ratio (S/V1) of the first section (18) above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material (12), said section (20) undergoing a shape transition and said article (10) being transformed from the second temporary shape (TS2) into the permanent shape (PS).
(a) exposing the article (10) to a first alternating magnetic field which is suitable to heat a first section (18) of the article (10) with a first surface-to-volume ra-tio (S/V1) above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material (12), said first section (18) undergoing a shape transition and said article (10) being transformed from a first temporary shape (TS1) into a sec-ond temporary shape (TS2); and (b) exposing the article (10) to a second alternating magnetic field which is suit-able to heat a second section (20) of the article (10) with a second surface-to-volume ratio (S/V2) greater than the first surface-to-volume ratio (S/V1) of the first section (18) above the switching temperature of the shape memory composite material (12), said section (20) undergoing a shape transition and said article (10) being transformed from the second temporary shape (TS2) into the permanent shape (PS).
15. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the transition from the first alternating magnetic field to the second alternating magnetic field is effected by a step-by-step or continuous increase of the magnetic field strength and/or frequency.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102007061342.5 | 2007-12-17 | ||
| DE102007061342A DE102007061342A1 (en) | 2007-12-17 | 2007-12-17 | Articles of a shape memory composite material, process for its preparation and methods for retrieving stored forms |
| PCT/EP2008/067582 WO2009077515A1 (en) | 2007-12-17 | 2008-12-16 | Article made of a shape-memory composite material, method for the production thereof, and method for retrieving stored shapes |
Publications (1)
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| CA2708620A1 true CA2708620A1 (en) | 2009-06-25 |
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Family Applications (1)
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| CA2708620A Abandoned CA2708620A1 (en) | 2007-12-17 | 2008-12-16 | Article made of a shape memory composite material, method for the production thereof, and method for retrieving stored shapes |
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| US (1) | US9272464B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP2225088B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP5458310B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE524298T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2708620A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE102007061342A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2009077515A1 (en) |
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| DE102009001356A1 (en) | 2008-10-31 | 2010-05-12 | Gkss-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht Gmbh | Article having at least one thermo-programmable switching section for applications in contact with materials having high heat transfer coefficients |
| WO2011109619A2 (en) * | 2010-03-03 | 2011-09-09 | Syracuse University | Multi-shape product |
| DE102010028192A1 (en) | 2010-04-26 | 2011-10-27 | Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH | A method of recovering an article comprising a shape memory composite material |
| US8668981B2 (en) | 2010-11-11 | 2014-03-11 | Spirit Aerosystems, Inc. | High temperature shape memory polymer via reactive extrusion |
| DE102012012632B4 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2017-08-17 | Kostal Kontakt Systeme Gmbh | collecting seal |
| JP6453763B2 (en) | 2012-12-21 | 2019-01-16 | ヘルムホルツ−ツェントルム ゲーストハハト ツェントルム フュアー マテリアル ウント キュステンフォルシュンク ゲーエムベーハー | Bidirectional shape-memory polymer, process for its production and use thereof |
| US9919470B2 (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2018-03-20 | Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum Fuer Material- Und Kuestenforschung Gmbh | Method of preparing a bidirectional shape-memory actuator and method of its use |
| CN107592803B (en) * | 2015-05-01 | 2021-01-22 | 麻省理工学院 | Triggerable shape memory sensing device |
| CN106426903B (en) * | 2016-09-06 | 2018-09-11 | 南京林业大学 | A kind of pre- deformation method assigning cement pavement calking shape memory function |
| DE102018208273A1 (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2019-11-28 | Karlsruher Institut für Technologie | Process for producing a shaped body |
| WO2020257664A1 (en) * | 2019-06-19 | 2020-12-24 | Ohio State Innovation Foundation | MAGNETIC SHAPE-MEMORY POLYMERS (mSMPs) AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THEREOF |
| CN110843163B (en) * | 2019-11-08 | 2021-01-12 | 西安交通大学 | Method for quickly realizing complex magnetic domain programming in soft material |
| CN115772323B (en) * | 2022-11-22 | 2024-03-29 | 中国科学技术大学 | Flexible composite material with shearing hardening characteristics and shape memory function, intelligent reinforced protective equipment and preparation method |
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| DE3826429A1 (en) | 1988-08-03 | 1990-02-15 | Rxs Schrumpftech Garnituren | Process for producing heat-activatable articles with shape memory from thermoplastic material and heat-activatable articles produced by the process |
| DE3826428A1 (en) | 1988-08-03 | 1990-02-08 | Rxs Schrumpftech Garnituren | Process for producing thermoplastic articles with heat-activatable regions and heat-activatable articles produced by the process |
| ES2265186T3 (en) | 1998-02-23 | 2007-02-01 | Mnemoscience Gmbh | POLYMERS WITH FORM MEMORY. |
| DE10061952A1 (en) * | 2000-12-08 | 2002-06-27 | Binder Gottlieb Gmbh & Co | Adhesive closure part made of plastic material with shape memory |
| US20030033007A1 (en) | 2000-12-22 | 2003-02-13 | Avantec Vascular Corporation | Methods and devices for delivery of therapeutic capable agents with variable release profile |
| US20030050687A1 (en) * | 2001-07-03 | 2003-03-13 | Schwade Nathan D. | Biocompatible stents and method of deployment |
| AU2002322719A1 (en) | 2001-07-26 | 2003-02-17 | Avantec Vascular Corporation | Delivery of therapeutic capable agents |
| AU2003234784A1 (en) | 2003-05-07 | 2004-11-26 | Meira Corporation | Shape memory polymer plastic-forming method, fastener, and shape memory polymer structure manufacturing method |
| DE10350248A1 (en) | 2003-10-28 | 2005-06-16 | Magnamedics Gmbh | Thermosensitive, biocompatible polymer carriers with variable physical structure for therapy, diagnostics and analytics |
| US7591834B2 (en) | 2004-03-26 | 2009-09-22 | Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc | Shape memory system with integrated actuation using embedded particles |
| US7914573B2 (en) | 2005-12-13 | 2011-03-29 | Cordis Corporation | Polymeric stent having modified molecular structures |
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- 2008-12-16 CA CA2708620A patent/CA2708620A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-12-16 WO PCT/EP2008/067582 patent/WO2009077515A1/en active Application Filing
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| US20110008596A1 (en) | 2011-01-13 |
| EP2225088B1 (en) | 2011-09-14 |
| DE102007061342A1 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
| WO2009077515A1 (en) | 2009-06-25 |
| US9272464B2 (en) | 2016-03-01 |
| EP2225088A1 (en) | 2010-09-08 |
| JP5458310B2 (en) | 2014-04-02 |
| JP2011506726A (en) | 2011-03-03 |
| ATE524298T1 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
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