CA2647850C - Apparatus and method for vascular embolization - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for vascular embolization Download PDFInfo
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- CA2647850C CA2647850C CA2647850A CA2647850A CA2647850C CA 2647850 C CA2647850 C CA 2647850C CA 2647850 A CA2647850 A CA 2647850A CA 2647850 A CA2647850 A CA 2647850A CA 2647850 C CA2647850 C CA 2647850C
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12099—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the location of the occluder
- A61B17/12109—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the location of the occluder in a blood vessel
- A61B17/12113—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the location of the occluder in a blood vessel within an aneurysm
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
- A61B17/1214—Coils or wires
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
- A61B17/12163—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device having a string of elements connected to each other
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
- A61B17/12181—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device formed by fluidized, gelatinous or cellular remodelable materials, e.g. embolic liquids, foams or extracellular matrices
- A61B17/12186—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device formed by fluidized, gelatinous or cellular remodelable materials, e.g. embolic liquids, foams or extracellular matrices liquid materials adapted to be injected
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- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
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- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B17/12131—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device
- A61B17/12181—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device formed by fluidized, gelatinous or cellular remodelable materials, e.g. embolic liquids, foams or extracellular matrices
- A61B17/12195—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires characterised by the type of occluding device formed by fluidized, gelatinous or cellular remodelable materials, e.g. embolic liquids, foams or extracellular matrices comprising a curable material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B2017/1205—Introduction devices
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
- A61B17/12022—Occluding by internal devices, e.g. balloons or releasable wires
- A61B2017/1205—Introduction devices
- A61B2017/12054—Details concerning the detachment of the occluding device from the introduction device
- A61B2017/12063—Details concerning the detachment of the occluding device from the introduction device electrolytically detachable
Abstract
Apparatus for vascular embolization, deployable through a microtcatheter, includes a flexible, elongate deployment tube dimensioned for insertion through the microcatheter, and a filamentous embolic device releasably attached to the distal end of the tube. The embolic device is controllably transformable from a soft, compliant state to a rigid or semi- rigid state. The embolic device may include a polymeric material that is transformable by contact with vascular blood or with a liquid that is cooler than vascular blood, or it may include a metallic material that is transformable by electrolytic corrosion. The embolic device may be a continuous filamentous polymeric extrusion; an elongate microcoil filled with polymeric material; an elongate, multi-segmented chain including polymeric interconnecting portions; or an elongate chain of metal segments that are fused together by electrolytic corrosion.
Description
s BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to the field of vascular occlusion 11 devices and methods. More specifically, it relates to an apparatus and 12 method for occluding a blood vessel by embolizing a targeted site (such as 13 an aneurysm) in the blood vessel.
14 The embolization of blood vessels is desired in a number of clinical situations. For example, vascular embolization has been used to control 16 vascular bleeding, to occlude the blood supply to tumors, and to occlude 17 vascular aneurysms, particularly intracranial aneurysms. In recent years, 18 vascular embolization for the treatment of aneurysms has received much 19 attention. Several different treatment modalities have been employed in the prior art. U.S. Patent No. 4,819,637 - Dormandy, Jr. et al., for 21 example, describes a vascular embolization system that employs a 22 detachable balloon delivered to the aneurysm site by an intravascular 23 catheter. The balloon is carried into the aneurysm at the tip of the 24 catheter, and it is inflated inside the aneurysm with a solidifying fluid (typically a polymerizable resin or gel) to occlude the aneurysm. The 26 balloon is then detached from the catheter by gentle traction on the 27 catheter. While the balloon-type embolization device can provide an 28 effective occlusion of many types of aneurysms, it is difficult to retrieve or 29 move after the solidifying fluid sets, and it is difficult to visualize unless it 3o is filled with a contrast material. Furthermore, there are risks of balloon 31 rupture during inflation and of premature detachment of the balloon from 1 the catheter.
2 Another approach is the direct injection of a liquid polymer 3 embolic agent into the vascular site to be occluded. One type of liquid 4 polymer used in the direct injection technique is a rapidly polymerizing liquid, such as a cyanoacrylate resin, particularly isobutyl cyanoacrylate, 6 that is delivered to the target site as a liquid, and then is polymerized in 7 situ. Alternatively, a liquid polymer that is precipitated at the target site 8 from a carrier solution has been used. An example of this type of embolic 9 agent is a cellulose acetate polymer mixed with bismuth trioxide and do dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Another type is ethylene glycol 11 copolymer dissolved in DMSO. On contact with blood, the DMSO
12 diffuses out, and the polymer precipitates out and rapidly hardens into an 13 embolic mass that conforms to the shape of the aneurysm. Other 14 examples of materials used in this "direct injection" method are disclosed is in the following U.S. Patents: 4,551,132 - Pisztor et al.; 4,795,741 -16 Leshchiner et al.; 5,525,334 - Ito et al.; and 5,580,568 - Greffet al.
17 The direct injection of liquid polymer embolic agents has proven l8 difficult in practice. For example, migration of the polymeric material 19 from the aneurysm and into the adjacent blood vessel has presented a 20 problem. In addition, visualization of the embolization material requires 21 that a contrasting agent be mixed with it, and selecting embolization 22 materials and contrasting agents that are mutually compatible may result 23 in performance compromises that are less than optimal. Furthermore, 24 precise control of the deployment of the polymeric embolization material 25 is difficult, leading to the risk of improper placement and/or premature 26 solidification of the material. Moreover, once the embolization material 27 is deployed and solidified, it is difficult to move or retrieve.
28 Another approach that has shown promise is the use of 29 thrombogenic microcoils. These microcoils may be made of a 1 biocompatible metal alloy (typically platinum and tungsten) or a suitable 2 polymer. If made of metal, the coil may be provided with Dacron fibers 3 to increase thrombogenicity. The coil is deployed through a 4 microcatheter to the vascular site. Examples of microcoils are disclosed in the following U.S. patents: 4,994,069 - Ritchart et al.; 5,133,731 -s Butler et al.; 5,226,911 - Chee et al.; 5,312,415 - Palermo; 5,382,259 -7 Phelps et al.; 5,382,260 - Dormandy, Jr. et al.; 5,476,472 - Dormandy, Jr.
s et al.; 5,578,074 - Mirigian; 5,582,619 - Ken; 5,624,461 - Mariant;
9 5,645,558 - Horton; 5,658,308 - Snyder; and 5,718,711 - Berenstein et al.
The microcoil approach has met with some success in treating 11 small aneurysms with narrow necks, but the coil must be tightly packed 12 into the aneurysm to avoid shifting that can lead to recanalization.
13 Microcoils have been less successful in the treatment of larger aneurysms, 14 especially those with relatively wide necks. A disadvantage of microcoils is that they are not easily retrievable; if a coil migrates out of the 16 aneurysm, a second procedure to retrieve it and move it back into place is 17 necessary. Furthermore, complete packing of an aneurysm using 18 microcoils can be difficult to achieve in practice.
19 A specific type of microcoil that has achieved a measure of success is the Guglielmi Detachable Coil ("GDC"). The GDC employs a 21 platinum wire coil fixed to a stainless steel guidewire by a solder 22 connection. Amer the coil is placed inside an aneurysm, an electrical 23 current is applied to the guidewire, which heats sufficiently to melt the 24 solder junction, thereby detaching the coil from the guidewire. The application of the current also creates a positive electrical charge on the 26 coil, which attracts negatively-charged blood cells, platelets, and 27 fibrinogen, thereby increasing the thrombogenicity of the coil. Several 28 coils of different diameters and lengths can be packed into an aneurysm 29 until the aneurysm is completely filled. The coils thus create and hold a thrombus within the aneurysm, inhibiting its displacement and its 2 fragmentation.
3 The advantages of the GDC procedure are the ability to withdraw 4 and relocate the coil if it migrates from its desired location, and the s enhanced ability to promote the formation of a stable thrombus within the 6 aneurysm. Nevertheless, as in conventional microcoil techniques, the 7 successful use of the GDC procedure has been substantially limited to 8 small aneurysms with narrow necks.
s There has thus been a long-felt, but as yet unsatisfied need for an aneurysm treatment device and method that can substantially fill 11 aneurysms of a large range of sizes, configurations, and neck widths with 12 a thrombogenic medium with a minimal risk of inadvertent aneurysm 13 rupture or blood vessel wall damage. There has been a further need for 14 such a method and device that also allow for the precise locational deployment of the medium, while also minimizing the potential for 16 migration away from the target location. In addition, a method and 17 device meeting these criteria should also be relatively easy to use in a ,8 clinical setting. Such ease of use, for example, should preferably include a 1s provision for good visualization of the device during and after deployment in an aneurysm.
23 Broadly, one aspect of the present invention is an embolic device, 24 comprising a thrombogenic medium, that is deployed in a soft, compliant state, and that is controllably transformed into a rigid or semi-rigid state 26 after deployment. In another aspect, the present invention is an apparatus 27 for deploying the aforesaid embolic device in the interior of an aneurysm.
28 Still another aspect of the present invention is a method for embolizing a 29 vascular site, particularly an aneurysm, using the aforesaid embolic 1 device.
2 In a first preferred embodiment, the embolic device comprises a 3 continuous, filamentous extrusion of polymeric "transition material" that 4 is inserted into an aneurysm while in a soft, self-adherent, compliant state.
This invention relates generally to the field of vascular occlusion 11 devices and methods. More specifically, it relates to an apparatus and 12 method for occluding a blood vessel by embolizing a targeted site (such as 13 an aneurysm) in the blood vessel.
14 The embolization of blood vessels is desired in a number of clinical situations. For example, vascular embolization has been used to control 16 vascular bleeding, to occlude the blood supply to tumors, and to occlude 17 vascular aneurysms, particularly intracranial aneurysms. In recent years, 18 vascular embolization for the treatment of aneurysms has received much 19 attention. Several different treatment modalities have been employed in the prior art. U.S. Patent No. 4,819,637 - Dormandy, Jr. et al., for 21 example, describes a vascular embolization system that employs a 22 detachable balloon delivered to the aneurysm site by an intravascular 23 catheter. The balloon is carried into the aneurysm at the tip of the 24 catheter, and it is inflated inside the aneurysm with a solidifying fluid (typically a polymerizable resin or gel) to occlude the aneurysm. The 26 balloon is then detached from the catheter by gentle traction on the 27 catheter. While the balloon-type embolization device can provide an 28 effective occlusion of many types of aneurysms, it is difficult to retrieve or 29 move after the solidifying fluid sets, and it is difficult to visualize unless it 3o is filled with a contrast material. Furthermore, there are risks of balloon 31 rupture during inflation and of premature detachment of the balloon from 1 the catheter.
2 Another approach is the direct injection of a liquid polymer 3 embolic agent into the vascular site to be occluded. One type of liquid 4 polymer used in the direct injection technique is a rapidly polymerizing liquid, such as a cyanoacrylate resin, particularly isobutyl cyanoacrylate, 6 that is delivered to the target site as a liquid, and then is polymerized in 7 situ. Alternatively, a liquid polymer that is precipitated at the target site 8 from a carrier solution has been used. An example of this type of embolic 9 agent is a cellulose acetate polymer mixed with bismuth trioxide and do dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Another type is ethylene glycol 11 copolymer dissolved in DMSO. On contact with blood, the DMSO
12 diffuses out, and the polymer precipitates out and rapidly hardens into an 13 embolic mass that conforms to the shape of the aneurysm. Other 14 examples of materials used in this "direct injection" method are disclosed is in the following U.S. Patents: 4,551,132 - Pisztor et al.; 4,795,741 -16 Leshchiner et al.; 5,525,334 - Ito et al.; and 5,580,568 - Greffet al.
17 The direct injection of liquid polymer embolic agents has proven l8 difficult in practice. For example, migration of the polymeric material 19 from the aneurysm and into the adjacent blood vessel has presented a 20 problem. In addition, visualization of the embolization material requires 21 that a contrasting agent be mixed with it, and selecting embolization 22 materials and contrasting agents that are mutually compatible may result 23 in performance compromises that are less than optimal. Furthermore, 24 precise control of the deployment of the polymeric embolization material 25 is difficult, leading to the risk of improper placement and/or premature 26 solidification of the material. Moreover, once the embolization material 27 is deployed and solidified, it is difficult to move or retrieve.
28 Another approach that has shown promise is the use of 29 thrombogenic microcoils. These microcoils may be made of a 1 biocompatible metal alloy (typically platinum and tungsten) or a suitable 2 polymer. If made of metal, the coil may be provided with Dacron fibers 3 to increase thrombogenicity. The coil is deployed through a 4 microcatheter to the vascular site. Examples of microcoils are disclosed in the following U.S. patents: 4,994,069 - Ritchart et al.; 5,133,731 -s Butler et al.; 5,226,911 - Chee et al.; 5,312,415 - Palermo; 5,382,259 -7 Phelps et al.; 5,382,260 - Dormandy, Jr. et al.; 5,476,472 - Dormandy, Jr.
s et al.; 5,578,074 - Mirigian; 5,582,619 - Ken; 5,624,461 - Mariant;
9 5,645,558 - Horton; 5,658,308 - Snyder; and 5,718,711 - Berenstein et al.
The microcoil approach has met with some success in treating 11 small aneurysms with narrow necks, but the coil must be tightly packed 12 into the aneurysm to avoid shifting that can lead to recanalization.
13 Microcoils have been less successful in the treatment of larger aneurysms, 14 especially those with relatively wide necks. A disadvantage of microcoils is that they are not easily retrievable; if a coil migrates out of the 16 aneurysm, a second procedure to retrieve it and move it back into place is 17 necessary. Furthermore, complete packing of an aneurysm using 18 microcoils can be difficult to achieve in practice.
19 A specific type of microcoil that has achieved a measure of success is the Guglielmi Detachable Coil ("GDC"). The GDC employs a 21 platinum wire coil fixed to a stainless steel guidewire by a solder 22 connection. Amer the coil is placed inside an aneurysm, an electrical 23 current is applied to the guidewire, which heats sufficiently to melt the 24 solder junction, thereby detaching the coil from the guidewire. The application of the current also creates a positive electrical charge on the 26 coil, which attracts negatively-charged blood cells, platelets, and 27 fibrinogen, thereby increasing the thrombogenicity of the coil. Several 28 coils of different diameters and lengths can be packed into an aneurysm 29 until the aneurysm is completely filled. The coils thus create and hold a thrombus within the aneurysm, inhibiting its displacement and its 2 fragmentation.
3 The advantages of the GDC procedure are the ability to withdraw 4 and relocate the coil if it migrates from its desired location, and the s enhanced ability to promote the formation of a stable thrombus within the 6 aneurysm. Nevertheless, as in conventional microcoil techniques, the 7 successful use of the GDC procedure has been substantially limited to 8 small aneurysms with narrow necks.
s There has thus been a long-felt, but as yet unsatisfied need for an aneurysm treatment device and method that can substantially fill 11 aneurysms of a large range of sizes, configurations, and neck widths with 12 a thrombogenic medium with a minimal risk of inadvertent aneurysm 13 rupture or blood vessel wall damage. There has been a further need for 14 such a method and device that also allow for the precise locational deployment of the medium, while also minimizing the potential for 16 migration away from the target location. In addition, a method and 17 device meeting these criteria should also be relatively easy to use in a ,8 clinical setting. Such ease of use, for example, should preferably include a 1s provision for good visualization of the device during and after deployment in an aneurysm.
23 Broadly, one aspect of the present invention is an embolic device, 24 comprising a thrombogenic medium, that is deployed in a soft, compliant state, and that is controllably transformed into a rigid or semi-rigid state 26 after deployment. In another aspect, the present invention is an apparatus 27 for deploying the aforesaid embolic device in the interior of an aneurysm.
28 Still another aspect of the present invention is a method for embolizing a 29 vascular site, particularly an aneurysm, using the aforesaid embolic 1 device.
2 In a first preferred embodiment, the embolic device comprises a 3 continuous, filamentous extrusion of polymeric "transition material" that 4 is inserted into an aneurysm while in a soft, self-adherent, compliant state.
5 The insertion of one or more such embolic devices results in a mass of 6 material that substantially fills the aneurysm and that substantially 7 conforms to the interior shape of the aneurysm. Depending on the 8 particular polymeric material employed, any of several mechanisms is s then employed controllably to transform the transition material into a ,o rigid or semi-rigid state, in which the material forms a stable, 11 thrombogenic "plug" inside the aneurysm. For example, the material 12 may be injected at a temperature slightly above body temperature and 13 then cooled into its rigid or semi-rigid state by contact with the patient's 14 blood, or by the injection of a cooler saline solution. Alternatively, the polymeric material may be exposed to a hardening agent that reacts 16 physically or chemically with the material to effect the transition to the 17 rigid or semi rigid state. As still another alternative, the polymeric 18 material may be mixed with a water soluble, biocompatible plasticizer 19 that dissolves out in the vascular blood to leave a rigid or semi-rigid polymeric structure.
21 In another preferred embodiment, the embolic device comprises an 22 elongate, flexible microcoil, the interior of which contains the transition 23 material. The microcoil is deployed in the aneurysm with the transition 24 material in its soft, compliant state, and then the transition material is rigidified by any suitable mechanism, as mentioned above, thereby 26 rigidifying the microcoil in situ.
27 In another preferred embodiment, the embolic device comprises an 28 elongate, flexible chain of articulated segments linked together so as to 29 form a limp segmented filament that is installed in the aneurysm. After 1 placement in the aneurysm, the segmented filament is rigidized by fusing 2 the segments through one of several mechanisms, depending on the 3 material of the segments. For example, if the segments are metal, the 4 segments can be fused together by electrolytic corrosion resulting from a current being passed through the device. If the segments are made, at 6 least in part, of a polymeric "transition material", the transition of the 7 device to a rigid or semi-rigid state can be induced by one of the 8 mechanisms discussed above.
21 In another preferred embodiment, the embolic device comprises an 22 elongate, flexible microcoil, the interior of which contains the transition 23 material. The microcoil is deployed in the aneurysm with the transition 24 material in its soft, compliant state, and then the transition material is rigidified by any suitable mechanism, as mentioned above, thereby 26 rigidifying the microcoil in situ.
27 In another preferred embodiment, the embolic device comprises an 28 elongate, flexible chain of articulated segments linked together so as to 29 form a limp segmented filament that is installed in the aneurysm. After 1 placement in the aneurysm, the segmented filament is rigidized by fusing 2 the segments through one of several mechanisms, depending on the 3 material of the segments. For example, if the segments are metal, the 4 segments can be fused together by electrolytic corrosion resulting from a current being passed through the device. If the segments are made, at 6 least in part, of a polymeric "transition material", the transition of the 7 device to a rigid or semi-rigid state can be induced by one of the 8 mechanisms discussed above.
9 In still another preferred embodiment, the embolic device is a highly-compliant chain-like structure comprising a plurality of 11 interconnected hollow links or segments. Each of the segments has a 12 slotted, mushroom-shaped head portion and a socket portion that is 13 shaped and dimensioned to receive the head portion of an adjacent 14 segment. The hollow segments allow the embolic device to be inserted into an aneurysm over a guide wire (not shown), if desired. Once the 16 device is inserted, a polymeric transition material is injected, while in the 17 soft, compliant state, into the hollow interior of the device, and the 18 transformation into its rigid or semi-rigid state can be effected as described 19 above. Alternatively, the segments can be made of a metal and then fused together by electrolytic corrosion.
21 A preferred embodiment of the apparatus for deploying the embolic 22 device comprises a flexible, elongate, hollow deployment tube having an 23 axial passage and a cup-shaped holding element at its distal end. The 24 holding element, which is configured and dimensioned to hold the proximal end of the embolic device by a frictional engagement, has a base 26 with an opening that communicates with the axial lumen. The 27 deployment tube (or at least its distal end) is preferably made of a 28 radiopaque material, such as a biocompatible metal alloy, thereby 29 facilitating visualization during the deployment of the embolic device, 1 without requiring the inclusion of a radiopaque substance in the embolic 2 device itself.
3 The preferred method of deploying the embolic device using this 4 apparatus is as follows: The deployment tube, with the embolic device thus attached to it, is inserted into and pushed through a microcatheter 6 that has been advanced intravascularly to the aneurysm site by means 7 well known in the surgical arts. Passage of the flexible deployment tube 8 and the limp embolic device through the microcatheter is assisted and s facilitated by a flow of fluid (e.g., saline solution) through the microcatheter around the exterior of the deployment tube and the embolic 11 device. The deployment tube is pushed through the microcatheter until 12 the embolic device has been fully inserted into the aneurysm. Finally, a 13 fluid (e.g., saline solution) is injected through the axial lumen and into the 14 holding element of the deployment tube. The pressure of the fluid pushes 1s the embolic device out of the holding element, thereby detaching the 16 embolic device from the deployment tube. The deployment tube is then 17 withdrawn from the microcatheter. If more than one embolic device is 18 necessary to fill the aneurysm, the above-described process can be 19 repeated until the aneurysm is filled.
The present invention offers a number of advantages over prior art 21 embolization methods and devices. For example, the embolic device of 22 the present invention is deployable within an aneurysm in a soft, 23 compliant state, thereby minimizing the risk of aneurysm rupture or 24 vascular damage. The location of the embolic device can be controlled with some precision, and, until it is detached from the deployment tube, 26 its deployment can be reversed. Thus, the risks of migration out of the 27 aneurysm are minimized. Furthermore, the embolic device of the present 28 invention can be used in aneurysms having a wide variety of shapes and 29 sizes; it is not limited to small aneurysms or those with narrow necks.
1 These and other advantages of the present invention will be more fully 2 appreciated from the detailed description that follows.
Figure 1 is an elevational view of a preferred embodiment of an 6 apparatus for deploying an embolic device in accordance with the present 7 invention;
a Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2 - 2 of Figure 1, 9 showing the apparatus with an embolic device in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention;
11 Figures 3 and 4 are idealized views of an embolic device in 12 accordance with present invention in the process of being deployed in an 13 aneurysm by means of the apparatus of Figures 1 and 2;
14 Figure 5 is an elevational view of one embodiment of an embolic i5 device in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present 16 invention;
17 Figure 6 is a detailed view taken within the area of Figure 5 18 designated by the broken outline 6;
19 Figure 7 is an elevational view of a portion of an embolic device that is a modification of the embodiment of Figures 5 and 6;
21 Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 8 - 8 of Figure 7;
22 Figure 9 is an elevational view of a portion of an embolic device 23 that is another modification of the embodiment of Figures 5 and 6;
24 Figure 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 10 - 10 of Figure 9;
26 Figure 11 is an end elevational view of an embolic device in 27 accordance with a third preferred embodiment of the present invention;
28 Figure 12 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 10 - 10 of Figure 29 11; and 1 Figures 13-16 are cross-sectional views, similar to that of Figure 10, 2 showing further modifications of the third preferred embodiment of the 3 embolic device of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
6 Figures 1 and 2 illustrate a preferred embodiment of an apparatus 7 10 for deploying an embolic device 12 in accordance with the present 8 invention. The apparatus 10 comprises a microcatheter 14 having an s axial lumen 15, and a deployment tube 16 that is insertable through the io lumen 15 of the microcatheter 14. The microcatheter 14 is of 11 conventional design, and many suitable microcatheters for the apparatus 12 10 are commercially available. The proximal end of the microcatheter 14 13 is provided with a fitting 18 for coupling to a source (not shown) of a fluid 14 (such as saline solution), the flow of which is used to facilitate the passage of the deployment tube 16 through the microcatheter 14, as will be 16 described below. The microcatheter 14, or at least its distal end, is 17 preferably made of a radiopaque material, such as a biocompatible metal.
18 Alternatively, it may be made of a suitable plastic, with a radiopaque 19 insert (not shown) proximate its distal end, as is well known in the art.
The deployment tube 16 is a long, thin, hollow, highly flexible 21 tube, having an axial passage 20 and an overall length that is somewhat 22 greater than that of the microcatheter 14. The deployment tube 16 has a 23 proximal end to which is attached an inlet fitting 22 that communicates 24 with the axial passage 20 and that is adapted for coupling to a liquid source (not shown). The source contains a biocompatible liquid that can 26 be delivered to the inlet fitting 22 under pressure for purposes to be 27 described below. The distal end of the deployment tube 16 is provided 28 with a cup-like fitting 24 that serves as a holding element that is 29 configured for frictional engagement with the proximal end of the embolic 1 device 12. The interior of the holding element 24 communicates with the 2 axial passage 20 of the deployment tube 16 by means of an axial bore 26.
3 A substantial portion of the length of the deployment tube 16 extending 4 proximally from the holding element 24 is formed as a highly flexible and 5 compliant outer portion 28 formed from a continuous length of helically-6 coiled metal wire. The outer portion 28 concentrically surrounds an inner 7 portion 30, formed from a highly-flexible polymeric material, the interior 8 of which defines a distal portion of the axial passage 20 that is coupled to 9 the axial bore 26 of the holding element 24. The proximal ends of both 10 the outer portion 28 and the inner portion 30 are connected to the distal 11 end of an internal transition fitting 32, the proximal end of which is 12 connected to the distal end of a proximal tube section 34, which may be 13 made of a flexible polymeric material. An axial bore 36 traverses the 14 length of the transition fitting 32, providing fluid communication between the distal portion of the axial passage 20 that is within the inner portion 16 30, and the proximal portion of the axial passage 20 that is defined within 17 the proximal tube section 34. The aforementioned inlet fitting 22 is 18 connected to the proximal end of the proximal tube section 34.
19 As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the embolic device 12 comprises a continuous, filamentous extrusion of polymeric "transition material".
21 This transition material is initially in a soft, self-adherent, compliant 22 state. While the material is in this state, the embolic device 12 is inserted 23 into an aneurysm. The insertion results in a web-like mass of material 24 that substantially fills the aneurysm and that substantially conforms to the interior shape of the aneurysm. Depending on the particular polymeric 26 material employed, any of several mechanisms is then employed 27 controllably to transform the transition material into a rigid or semi-rigid 28 state, in which the material forms a stable, thrombogenic "plug" inside the 29 aneurysm. For example, the embolic device 12 may be injected at a 1 temperature slightly above body temperature and then cooled into its rigid 2 or semi-rigid state by contact with the patient's vascular blood, or by the 3 injection of a cooler saline solution. Alternatively, the polymeric material 4 may be exposed to a hardening agent that reacts chemically or physically with the material to effect the transition to the rigid or semi-rigid state.
6 As still another alternative, the polymeric material may be mixed with a 7 water-soluble, biocompatible plasticizer (as described below) that 8 dissolves out in the vascular blood to leave a rigid or semi-rigid polymeric 9 structure.
Prior to deployment, and while the material of the embolic device 11 12 is in its initial soft, compliant state, the proximal end of the embolic 12 device 12 is pushed into the holding element 24 of the deployment tube 13 16, where it is frictionally retained in place. With the distal end of the 14 microcatheter 14 having previously been deployed adjacent the targeted aneurysm (designated by the numeral 36 in Figures 3 and 4), the distal 16 end (not shown) of the embolic device 12 is then inserted into the fitting 17 18 at the proximal end of the microcatheter 14. As the embolic device 12 18 and the deployment tube 16 are pushed through the lumen 15 of the 19 microcatheter 14, a liquid, such as a saline solution, is caused to flow through the microcatheter 14, as indicated by arrows designated by the 21 numeral 38 in Figure 2. The flow of the liquid assists in carrying the 22 embolic device 12 and the deployment tube 16 through the microcatheter 23 14 until the distal end of the deployment tube 16 is well within the 24 aneurysm 36 (Figure 3), at which point the embolic device 12 starts to form a web-like, thrombogenic mass or plug 40 within the aneurysm. The 26 proximal end of the embolic device 12 is detached from the deployment 27 tube 16 by the pressure of a fluid (such as saline solution) injected through 28 the axial passage 20 of the deployment tube and the axial bore 26 of the 29 holding element 24.
1 If the size of the aneurysm 36 requires more than one embolic 2 device 12 to fill it completely, the deployment tube 16 is withdrawn s through the microcatheter 14 and reloaded with another embolic device 4 12, and the above-described deployment process is repeated as often as is needed to fill the aneurysm 36 completely (Figure 4). As shown in Figure 6 4, the final embolic device 12 is then detached from the deployment tube 7 16 in the manner described above, and the deployment tube 16 is a withdrawn from the microcatheter 14.
s The fluid used to carry the deployment tube 16 and the embolic device 12 through the microcatheter 14, and the fluid used to detach the 11 embolic device 12 from the deployment tube (i.e., the "deployment 12 fluids"), are selected so that they do not effect the transition of the embolic 13 device material from its soft state to its rigid or semi-rigid state. Thus, for 14 example, if the transition material effects the transition by being cooled from slightly above body temperature (e.g., from about 40 C) to 16 approximately normal body temperature (37'Q, these deployment fluids 17 are injected at about the higher temperature, so that the transition does 18 not take place prematurely.
19 Once the web-like thrombogenic mass 40 completely fills the aneurysm 36, as shown in Figure 4, the transition material of the embolic 21 device(s) 12 installed within the aneurysm 36 can be transformed to its 22 rigid or semi-rigid state by means of one of the aforementioned 23 mechanisms, depending on the nature of the material itself. For example, 24 a "transition fluid", such as saline at the required temperature, can be injected through the microcatheter 14 to bathe the mass 40, thereby 26 effecting the desired transition.
27 Figures 5 and 6 illustrate an embolic device 50 in accordance with 28 a second preferred embodiment of the invention. The embolic device 50 29 comprises a hollow metal microcoi152, the interior of which is filled with 3o a core 54 of polymeric transition material. The embolic device 50 is 1 rigidified by the transformation of the material of the core 54 from its soft, 2 compliant state to its rigid or semi-rigid state effecting a temperature 3 change, as described above. The deployment of the embolic device 50 is 4 performed by essentially the same method as that used for the deployment of the previously-described embodiment.
6 Modifications of the embolic device 50 are shown in Figures 7 7 through 10. In Figures 7 and 8, an embolic device 50' comprises a hollow 8 metal microcoil 52', the distal end of which is closed by an end cap 56.
9 The device 50' lacks a core. Instead, when the microcoil 52 is inserted into an aneurysm, but before it is detached from the deployment tube 16, >> a flowable transition material is injected into the interior of the microcoil 12 52' through the axial passage 20 of the deployment tube 16 and the axial 13 bore 26 of the holding element 24. The injection of the transition material 14 is illustrated in Figure 7 by the arrows designated by the numeral 58. The flexing and bending of the installed microcoil 52', as shown in Figure 8, 16 causes interstices between the coils to open up, allowing the transition 17 material to flow out of the microcoil, as indicated by the arrows 18 designated by the numeral 60. The transition material then can be 19 transformed into its rigid or semi-rigid state, thereby rigidifying the microcoil 52'. The exposed transition material that has flowed out of the 21 interstices between the coils provides further rigidity and enhances the 22 thrombogenicity of the device 50'.
23 The advantages of the embolic device 50' of Figures 7 and 8 can 24 also be realized in another modification shown in Figures 9 and 10. In this latter modification, an embolic device 50" comprises a hollow metal 26 microcoil 52" having an end cap 56" closing its distal end. The microcoil 27 52" has a plurality of apertures 62 along its length, only one of which is 28 shown in the drawings. The apertures 62 provide additional paths for the 29 outflow of the transition material, as shown by the arrows indicated by the numeral 64 in Figure 10.
1 A third preferred embodiment of the embolic device is shown in 2 several variations in Figures 11-16. Referring first to Figures 11 and 12, 3 an embolic device 70 in accordance with this third embodiment is a 4 chain-like structure comprising a plurality of interconnected metal links or segments 72, each of which has a socket 74 at one end and a slotted ball 6 76 at the other end. Each socket 74 is dimensioned to receive the ball 76 7 of the adjacent segment 72, the slotted configuration of the balls 76 8 allowing them to be slightly compressed to fit into the sockets 74. The 9 balls 76 are loosely received in the sockets 74, and the segments 72 are dimensioned so that there is a gap between each adjacent pair. Thus, the 11 entire chain-like structure of the device 70 can be flexibly deformed and 12 twisted much like a microcoil to form the web-like mass 40 when 13 deployed inside an aneurysm by means of the above-described method.
14 When it is desired to rigidify the device 70, an electric current is passed through it, resulting in the fusing of the balls 76 in the sockets 74 by 16 electrolytic corrosion. The electric current can be applied through the 17 deployment tube 16, provided that the deployment tube 16 (including the 18 holding element 24) is made of a conductive metal with suitable 19 electrodes (not shown) that connect the embolic device 70 to a current source (not shown).
21 A modification of the third embodiment is shown in Figure 13. An 22 embolic device 70' is a chain-like structure comprising a plurality of 23 interconnected metal links or segments 72', each including a socket 74' at 24 one end and a slotted ball 76' at the other end. The balls 76' are received in the sockets 74' as described above. The modification comprises an 26 annular collar 78 around the socket 74' of each segment 72'. The collar 78 27 extends axially away from the ball 76' to abut against, or at least be 28 closely adjacent to, the next adjacent segment 72'. The collar 78 is formed 29 of a polymeric transition material that is initially in the soft, compliant state when the device 70' is inserted into an aneurysm, and that is 1 transformed into its rigid or semi-rigid state, in the manner described 2 above, when the aneurysm is filled. Since the collars 78, when rigidified, 3 form interlinking elements between adjacent segments 72', the 4 transformation of the material of the collars 78 rigidifies the entire device 5 70'. A similar effect can be achieved, at some cost savings, by the 6 modified embolic device 70" of Figure 14, in which only alternating 7 segments 72' are provided with the collar 78.
8 Figures 15 and 16 illustrate still another modification of the third 9 preferred embodiment. In this modification, an embolic device 70"' is a 10 highly-compliant chain-like structure comprising a plurality of 11 interconnected links or segments 72", each of which is hollow. Each of 12 the segments 72" has a slotted, mushroom-shaped head portion 80, and a 13 socket portion 82 that is shaped and dimensioned to receive the head 14 portion 80 of an adjacent segment 72". The hollow segments 72" allow 15 the embolic device 70"' to be inserted into an aneurysm over a guide wire 16 (not shown), if desired. Once the device 70"' is inserted, a transition 17 material 84 (Fig. 16) is injected, while in a flowable state, into the hollow 18 interior of the device 70"', and the transformation of the device 70" from a 19 soft compliant state into its rigid or semi-rigid state can be effected as described above. Alternatively, the segments 72" can be made of a metal 21 and then fused together by electrolytic corrosion, as described above.
22 For the selection of transition materials which are used in 23 accordance with the present invention to fill the aneurysm in a relatively 24 soft, semi-rigid state as described above, and which thereafter harden to fill the aneurysm in a sufficiently rigid state, the skilled artisan may refer 26 to the self-hardening polymeric materials described in United States 27 Patent No. 5,634,936.
28 Generally speaking, the materials described in this reference 29 are polymers that, due to the judicious addition of cross-linking agents 3o and/or cross-linking catalysts, are in a semi-rigid state while being 1 introduced through a catheter, and harden only after they have been 2 deposited in the aneurysm. Materials described in United States Patent 3 No. 5,725,568 can also be selected for use in the present invention, and 4 the specification of U.S. Patent No. 5,725,568, 6 A presently preferred material for use in the present invention 7 constitutes a microcrystalline wax composition that is of the appropriate 8 semi-rigid consistency a few degrees above body temperature, but 9 becomes sufficiently rigid when cooled to body temperature. As is known, waxes are, generally speaking, fatty acids having more than 12 11 carbon atoms and a straight alkyl chain. A microcrystalline wax material 12 is readily formulated within the state-of-the-art to have the appropriate 13 transition temperature.
14 Another presently preferred material for use in the present invention is cellulose acetate polymer that is softened with ethyl lactate or 16 dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) plasticizer. Still other presently preferred 17 materials are a class of polyurethane based copolymers that are available 18 under the TECOPHILIC trademark from Thermedics Corporation.
19 Specific commercial designations of these copolymers are HP-60D-60, SP-80A-150 and SP-93A-100. These polyurethane-based copolymers are 21 softened with a plasticizer or mixture of plasticizers that are selected 22 primarily from DMSO, ethanol, and ethyl lactate, with DMSO being 23 most suitable for HP-60D-60, and ethanol or ethyl lactate or mixtures 24 thereof for SP-80A-150 and SP-93A-100. The above-noted plasticizers are sufficiently water soluble that after the intimate mixture of polymeric 26 material and plasticizer has been deposited in the aneurysm, percolation 27 of blood gradually washes out the plasticizer from the polymeric material 28 to render it rigid.
29 A composition that is well-suited for the transition material in the 3o hollow microcoil embolic devices 50' and 50" of Figures 7 through 10, 1 and for the transition material 84 of the embolic device 70"' of Figures 15 2 and 16, is cyanoacrylate. The cyanoacrylate rigidifies by polymerization 3 when contacted by vascular blood which seeps into the embolic device 4 70"' between the segments 72".
In addition to the foregoing, a number of biocompatible polymers s and copolymers, such as ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers, 7 polycarbonate urethane copolymers, and hydrogels may be formulated 8 with a sufficient amount of biocompatible plasticizer, such as DMSO, to 9 render them semi-rigid and suitable for application in the present invention through the catheters described above. Thereafter, these 11 materials harden sufficiently in the aneurysm due to the removal of the 12 plasticizer by percolating blood.
13 While several preferred embodiments have been described above, 14 as well as a number of variations and modifications, it will be appreciated that other variations and modifications will suggest themselves to those 16 skilled in the pertinent arts. Such variations and modifications are 17 considered to be within the spirit and scope of the invention, as set forth 18 in the claims that follow.
21 A preferred embodiment of the apparatus for deploying the embolic 22 device comprises a flexible, elongate, hollow deployment tube having an 23 axial passage and a cup-shaped holding element at its distal end. The 24 holding element, which is configured and dimensioned to hold the proximal end of the embolic device by a frictional engagement, has a base 26 with an opening that communicates with the axial lumen. The 27 deployment tube (or at least its distal end) is preferably made of a 28 radiopaque material, such as a biocompatible metal alloy, thereby 29 facilitating visualization during the deployment of the embolic device, 1 without requiring the inclusion of a radiopaque substance in the embolic 2 device itself.
3 The preferred method of deploying the embolic device using this 4 apparatus is as follows: The deployment tube, with the embolic device thus attached to it, is inserted into and pushed through a microcatheter 6 that has been advanced intravascularly to the aneurysm site by means 7 well known in the surgical arts. Passage of the flexible deployment tube 8 and the limp embolic device through the microcatheter is assisted and s facilitated by a flow of fluid (e.g., saline solution) through the microcatheter around the exterior of the deployment tube and the embolic 11 device. The deployment tube is pushed through the microcatheter until 12 the embolic device has been fully inserted into the aneurysm. Finally, a 13 fluid (e.g., saline solution) is injected through the axial lumen and into the 14 holding element of the deployment tube. The pressure of the fluid pushes 1s the embolic device out of the holding element, thereby detaching the 16 embolic device from the deployment tube. The deployment tube is then 17 withdrawn from the microcatheter. If more than one embolic device is 18 necessary to fill the aneurysm, the above-described process can be 19 repeated until the aneurysm is filled.
The present invention offers a number of advantages over prior art 21 embolization methods and devices. For example, the embolic device of 22 the present invention is deployable within an aneurysm in a soft, 23 compliant state, thereby minimizing the risk of aneurysm rupture or 24 vascular damage. The location of the embolic device can be controlled with some precision, and, until it is detached from the deployment tube, 26 its deployment can be reversed. Thus, the risks of migration out of the 27 aneurysm are minimized. Furthermore, the embolic device of the present 28 invention can be used in aneurysms having a wide variety of shapes and 29 sizes; it is not limited to small aneurysms or those with narrow necks.
1 These and other advantages of the present invention will be more fully 2 appreciated from the detailed description that follows.
Figure 1 is an elevational view of a preferred embodiment of an 6 apparatus for deploying an embolic device in accordance with the present 7 invention;
a Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2 - 2 of Figure 1, 9 showing the apparatus with an embolic device in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention;
11 Figures 3 and 4 are idealized views of an embolic device in 12 accordance with present invention in the process of being deployed in an 13 aneurysm by means of the apparatus of Figures 1 and 2;
14 Figure 5 is an elevational view of one embodiment of an embolic i5 device in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present 16 invention;
17 Figure 6 is a detailed view taken within the area of Figure 5 18 designated by the broken outline 6;
19 Figure 7 is an elevational view of a portion of an embolic device that is a modification of the embodiment of Figures 5 and 6;
21 Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 8 - 8 of Figure 7;
22 Figure 9 is an elevational view of a portion of an embolic device 23 that is another modification of the embodiment of Figures 5 and 6;
24 Figure 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 10 - 10 of Figure 9;
26 Figure 11 is an end elevational view of an embolic device in 27 accordance with a third preferred embodiment of the present invention;
28 Figure 12 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 10 - 10 of Figure 29 11; and 1 Figures 13-16 are cross-sectional views, similar to that of Figure 10, 2 showing further modifications of the third preferred embodiment of the 3 embolic device of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
6 Figures 1 and 2 illustrate a preferred embodiment of an apparatus 7 10 for deploying an embolic device 12 in accordance with the present 8 invention. The apparatus 10 comprises a microcatheter 14 having an s axial lumen 15, and a deployment tube 16 that is insertable through the io lumen 15 of the microcatheter 14. The microcatheter 14 is of 11 conventional design, and many suitable microcatheters for the apparatus 12 10 are commercially available. The proximal end of the microcatheter 14 13 is provided with a fitting 18 for coupling to a source (not shown) of a fluid 14 (such as saline solution), the flow of which is used to facilitate the passage of the deployment tube 16 through the microcatheter 14, as will be 16 described below. The microcatheter 14, or at least its distal end, is 17 preferably made of a radiopaque material, such as a biocompatible metal.
18 Alternatively, it may be made of a suitable plastic, with a radiopaque 19 insert (not shown) proximate its distal end, as is well known in the art.
The deployment tube 16 is a long, thin, hollow, highly flexible 21 tube, having an axial passage 20 and an overall length that is somewhat 22 greater than that of the microcatheter 14. The deployment tube 16 has a 23 proximal end to which is attached an inlet fitting 22 that communicates 24 with the axial passage 20 and that is adapted for coupling to a liquid source (not shown). The source contains a biocompatible liquid that can 26 be delivered to the inlet fitting 22 under pressure for purposes to be 27 described below. The distal end of the deployment tube 16 is provided 28 with a cup-like fitting 24 that serves as a holding element that is 29 configured for frictional engagement with the proximal end of the embolic 1 device 12. The interior of the holding element 24 communicates with the 2 axial passage 20 of the deployment tube 16 by means of an axial bore 26.
3 A substantial portion of the length of the deployment tube 16 extending 4 proximally from the holding element 24 is formed as a highly flexible and 5 compliant outer portion 28 formed from a continuous length of helically-6 coiled metal wire. The outer portion 28 concentrically surrounds an inner 7 portion 30, formed from a highly-flexible polymeric material, the interior 8 of which defines a distal portion of the axial passage 20 that is coupled to 9 the axial bore 26 of the holding element 24. The proximal ends of both 10 the outer portion 28 and the inner portion 30 are connected to the distal 11 end of an internal transition fitting 32, the proximal end of which is 12 connected to the distal end of a proximal tube section 34, which may be 13 made of a flexible polymeric material. An axial bore 36 traverses the 14 length of the transition fitting 32, providing fluid communication between the distal portion of the axial passage 20 that is within the inner portion 16 30, and the proximal portion of the axial passage 20 that is defined within 17 the proximal tube section 34. The aforementioned inlet fitting 22 is 18 connected to the proximal end of the proximal tube section 34.
19 As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the embolic device 12 comprises a continuous, filamentous extrusion of polymeric "transition material".
21 This transition material is initially in a soft, self-adherent, compliant 22 state. While the material is in this state, the embolic device 12 is inserted 23 into an aneurysm. The insertion results in a web-like mass of material 24 that substantially fills the aneurysm and that substantially conforms to the interior shape of the aneurysm. Depending on the particular polymeric 26 material employed, any of several mechanisms is then employed 27 controllably to transform the transition material into a rigid or semi-rigid 28 state, in which the material forms a stable, thrombogenic "plug" inside the 29 aneurysm. For example, the embolic device 12 may be injected at a 1 temperature slightly above body temperature and then cooled into its rigid 2 or semi-rigid state by contact with the patient's vascular blood, or by the 3 injection of a cooler saline solution. Alternatively, the polymeric material 4 may be exposed to a hardening agent that reacts chemically or physically with the material to effect the transition to the rigid or semi-rigid state.
6 As still another alternative, the polymeric material may be mixed with a 7 water-soluble, biocompatible plasticizer (as described below) that 8 dissolves out in the vascular blood to leave a rigid or semi-rigid polymeric 9 structure.
Prior to deployment, and while the material of the embolic device 11 12 is in its initial soft, compliant state, the proximal end of the embolic 12 device 12 is pushed into the holding element 24 of the deployment tube 13 16, where it is frictionally retained in place. With the distal end of the 14 microcatheter 14 having previously been deployed adjacent the targeted aneurysm (designated by the numeral 36 in Figures 3 and 4), the distal 16 end (not shown) of the embolic device 12 is then inserted into the fitting 17 18 at the proximal end of the microcatheter 14. As the embolic device 12 18 and the deployment tube 16 are pushed through the lumen 15 of the 19 microcatheter 14, a liquid, such as a saline solution, is caused to flow through the microcatheter 14, as indicated by arrows designated by the 21 numeral 38 in Figure 2. The flow of the liquid assists in carrying the 22 embolic device 12 and the deployment tube 16 through the microcatheter 23 14 until the distal end of the deployment tube 16 is well within the 24 aneurysm 36 (Figure 3), at which point the embolic device 12 starts to form a web-like, thrombogenic mass or plug 40 within the aneurysm. The 26 proximal end of the embolic device 12 is detached from the deployment 27 tube 16 by the pressure of a fluid (such as saline solution) injected through 28 the axial passage 20 of the deployment tube and the axial bore 26 of the 29 holding element 24.
1 If the size of the aneurysm 36 requires more than one embolic 2 device 12 to fill it completely, the deployment tube 16 is withdrawn s through the microcatheter 14 and reloaded with another embolic device 4 12, and the above-described deployment process is repeated as often as is needed to fill the aneurysm 36 completely (Figure 4). As shown in Figure 6 4, the final embolic device 12 is then detached from the deployment tube 7 16 in the manner described above, and the deployment tube 16 is a withdrawn from the microcatheter 14.
s The fluid used to carry the deployment tube 16 and the embolic device 12 through the microcatheter 14, and the fluid used to detach the 11 embolic device 12 from the deployment tube (i.e., the "deployment 12 fluids"), are selected so that they do not effect the transition of the embolic 13 device material from its soft state to its rigid or semi-rigid state. Thus, for 14 example, if the transition material effects the transition by being cooled from slightly above body temperature (e.g., from about 40 C) to 16 approximately normal body temperature (37'Q, these deployment fluids 17 are injected at about the higher temperature, so that the transition does 18 not take place prematurely.
19 Once the web-like thrombogenic mass 40 completely fills the aneurysm 36, as shown in Figure 4, the transition material of the embolic 21 device(s) 12 installed within the aneurysm 36 can be transformed to its 22 rigid or semi-rigid state by means of one of the aforementioned 23 mechanisms, depending on the nature of the material itself. For example, 24 a "transition fluid", such as saline at the required temperature, can be injected through the microcatheter 14 to bathe the mass 40, thereby 26 effecting the desired transition.
27 Figures 5 and 6 illustrate an embolic device 50 in accordance with 28 a second preferred embodiment of the invention. The embolic device 50 29 comprises a hollow metal microcoi152, the interior of which is filled with 3o a core 54 of polymeric transition material. The embolic device 50 is 1 rigidified by the transformation of the material of the core 54 from its soft, 2 compliant state to its rigid or semi-rigid state effecting a temperature 3 change, as described above. The deployment of the embolic device 50 is 4 performed by essentially the same method as that used for the deployment of the previously-described embodiment.
6 Modifications of the embolic device 50 are shown in Figures 7 7 through 10. In Figures 7 and 8, an embolic device 50' comprises a hollow 8 metal microcoil 52', the distal end of which is closed by an end cap 56.
9 The device 50' lacks a core. Instead, when the microcoil 52 is inserted into an aneurysm, but before it is detached from the deployment tube 16, >> a flowable transition material is injected into the interior of the microcoil 12 52' through the axial passage 20 of the deployment tube 16 and the axial 13 bore 26 of the holding element 24. The injection of the transition material 14 is illustrated in Figure 7 by the arrows designated by the numeral 58. The flexing and bending of the installed microcoil 52', as shown in Figure 8, 16 causes interstices between the coils to open up, allowing the transition 17 material to flow out of the microcoil, as indicated by the arrows 18 designated by the numeral 60. The transition material then can be 19 transformed into its rigid or semi-rigid state, thereby rigidifying the microcoil 52'. The exposed transition material that has flowed out of the 21 interstices between the coils provides further rigidity and enhances the 22 thrombogenicity of the device 50'.
23 The advantages of the embolic device 50' of Figures 7 and 8 can 24 also be realized in another modification shown in Figures 9 and 10. In this latter modification, an embolic device 50" comprises a hollow metal 26 microcoil 52" having an end cap 56" closing its distal end. The microcoil 27 52" has a plurality of apertures 62 along its length, only one of which is 28 shown in the drawings. The apertures 62 provide additional paths for the 29 outflow of the transition material, as shown by the arrows indicated by the numeral 64 in Figure 10.
1 A third preferred embodiment of the embolic device is shown in 2 several variations in Figures 11-16. Referring first to Figures 11 and 12, 3 an embolic device 70 in accordance with this third embodiment is a 4 chain-like structure comprising a plurality of interconnected metal links or segments 72, each of which has a socket 74 at one end and a slotted ball 6 76 at the other end. Each socket 74 is dimensioned to receive the ball 76 7 of the adjacent segment 72, the slotted configuration of the balls 76 8 allowing them to be slightly compressed to fit into the sockets 74. The 9 balls 76 are loosely received in the sockets 74, and the segments 72 are dimensioned so that there is a gap between each adjacent pair. Thus, the 11 entire chain-like structure of the device 70 can be flexibly deformed and 12 twisted much like a microcoil to form the web-like mass 40 when 13 deployed inside an aneurysm by means of the above-described method.
14 When it is desired to rigidify the device 70, an electric current is passed through it, resulting in the fusing of the balls 76 in the sockets 74 by 16 electrolytic corrosion. The electric current can be applied through the 17 deployment tube 16, provided that the deployment tube 16 (including the 18 holding element 24) is made of a conductive metal with suitable 19 electrodes (not shown) that connect the embolic device 70 to a current source (not shown).
21 A modification of the third embodiment is shown in Figure 13. An 22 embolic device 70' is a chain-like structure comprising a plurality of 23 interconnected metal links or segments 72', each including a socket 74' at 24 one end and a slotted ball 76' at the other end. The balls 76' are received in the sockets 74' as described above. The modification comprises an 26 annular collar 78 around the socket 74' of each segment 72'. The collar 78 27 extends axially away from the ball 76' to abut against, or at least be 28 closely adjacent to, the next adjacent segment 72'. The collar 78 is formed 29 of a polymeric transition material that is initially in the soft, compliant state when the device 70' is inserted into an aneurysm, and that is 1 transformed into its rigid or semi-rigid state, in the manner described 2 above, when the aneurysm is filled. Since the collars 78, when rigidified, 3 form interlinking elements between adjacent segments 72', the 4 transformation of the material of the collars 78 rigidifies the entire device 5 70'. A similar effect can be achieved, at some cost savings, by the 6 modified embolic device 70" of Figure 14, in which only alternating 7 segments 72' are provided with the collar 78.
8 Figures 15 and 16 illustrate still another modification of the third 9 preferred embodiment. In this modification, an embolic device 70"' is a 10 highly-compliant chain-like structure comprising a plurality of 11 interconnected links or segments 72", each of which is hollow. Each of 12 the segments 72" has a slotted, mushroom-shaped head portion 80, and a 13 socket portion 82 that is shaped and dimensioned to receive the head 14 portion 80 of an adjacent segment 72". The hollow segments 72" allow 15 the embolic device 70"' to be inserted into an aneurysm over a guide wire 16 (not shown), if desired. Once the device 70"' is inserted, a transition 17 material 84 (Fig. 16) is injected, while in a flowable state, into the hollow 18 interior of the device 70"', and the transformation of the device 70" from a 19 soft compliant state into its rigid or semi-rigid state can be effected as described above. Alternatively, the segments 72" can be made of a metal 21 and then fused together by electrolytic corrosion, as described above.
22 For the selection of transition materials which are used in 23 accordance with the present invention to fill the aneurysm in a relatively 24 soft, semi-rigid state as described above, and which thereafter harden to fill the aneurysm in a sufficiently rigid state, the skilled artisan may refer 26 to the self-hardening polymeric materials described in United States 27 Patent No. 5,634,936.
28 Generally speaking, the materials described in this reference 29 are polymers that, due to the judicious addition of cross-linking agents 3o and/or cross-linking catalysts, are in a semi-rigid state while being 1 introduced through a catheter, and harden only after they have been 2 deposited in the aneurysm. Materials described in United States Patent 3 No. 5,725,568 can also be selected for use in the present invention, and 4 the specification of U.S. Patent No. 5,725,568, 6 A presently preferred material for use in the present invention 7 constitutes a microcrystalline wax composition that is of the appropriate 8 semi-rigid consistency a few degrees above body temperature, but 9 becomes sufficiently rigid when cooled to body temperature. As is known, waxes are, generally speaking, fatty acids having more than 12 11 carbon atoms and a straight alkyl chain. A microcrystalline wax material 12 is readily formulated within the state-of-the-art to have the appropriate 13 transition temperature.
14 Another presently preferred material for use in the present invention is cellulose acetate polymer that is softened with ethyl lactate or 16 dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) plasticizer. Still other presently preferred 17 materials are a class of polyurethane based copolymers that are available 18 under the TECOPHILIC trademark from Thermedics Corporation.
19 Specific commercial designations of these copolymers are HP-60D-60, SP-80A-150 and SP-93A-100. These polyurethane-based copolymers are 21 softened with a plasticizer or mixture of plasticizers that are selected 22 primarily from DMSO, ethanol, and ethyl lactate, with DMSO being 23 most suitable for HP-60D-60, and ethanol or ethyl lactate or mixtures 24 thereof for SP-80A-150 and SP-93A-100. The above-noted plasticizers are sufficiently water soluble that after the intimate mixture of polymeric 26 material and plasticizer has been deposited in the aneurysm, percolation 27 of blood gradually washes out the plasticizer from the polymeric material 28 to render it rigid.
29 A composition that is well-suited for the transition material in the 3o hollow microcoil embolic devices 50' and 50" of Figures 7 through 10, 1 and for the transition material 84 of the embolic device 70"' of Figures 15 2 and 16, is cyanoacrylate. The cyanoacrylate rigidifies by polymerization 3 when contacted by vascular blood which seeps into the embolic device 4 70"' between the segments 72".
In addition to the foregoing, a number of biocompatible polymers s and copolymers, such as ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers, 7 polycarbonate urethane copolymers, and hydrogels may be formulated 8 with a sufficient amount of biocompatible plasticizer, such as DMSO, to 9 render them semi-rigid and suitable for application in the present invention through the catheters described above. Thereafter, these 11 materials harden sufficiently in the aneurysm due to the removal of the 12 plasticizer by percolating blood.
13 While several preferred embodiments have been described above, 14 as well as a number of variations and modifications, it will be appreciated that other variations and modifications will suggest themselves to those 16 skilled in the pertinent arts. Such variations and modifications are 17 considered to be within the spirit and scope of the invention, as set forth 18 in the claims that follow.
Claims (20)
1. Apparatus for vascular embolization that is deployable through a microcatheter having an axial lumen, comprising:
a flexible, elongate, hollow deployment tube dimensioned for insertion through the lumen of the microcatheter, the deployment tube having a proximal end and a distal end; and a filamentous embolic device having a proximal end detachably connected to the distal end of the deployment tube;
characterized in that the proximal end of the embolic device is detachable from the distal end of the deployment tube by the application of fluid pressure from the deployment tube to the proximal end of the embolic device, and in that the embolic device is controllably transformable from a pre-deployment state to a post-deployment state.
a flexible, elongate, hollow deployment tube dimensioned for insertion through the lumen of the microcatheter, the deployment tube having a proximal end and a distal end; and a filamentous embolic device having a proximal end detachably connected to the distal end of the deployment tube;
characterized in that the proximal end of the embolic device is detachable from the distal end of the deployment tube by the application of fluid pressure from the deployment tube to the proximal end of the embolic device, and in that the embolic device is controllably transformable from a pre-deployment state to a post-deployment state.
2. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the pre-deployment state is a soft, compliant state and the post-deployment state is a rigid or semi-rigid state.
3. The apparatus of Claim 2, wherein the embolic device is transformable by contact with vascular blood.
4. The apparatus of Claim 2, wherein the embolic device is controllably transformable by contact with a biocompatible liquid that is cooler than vascular blood.
5. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the embolic device includes a polymeric material that is controllably transformable from a soft, compliant state to a rigid or semi-rigid state.
6. The apparatus of Claim 5, wherein the polymeric material includes a microcrystalline wax composition.
7. The apparatus of Claim 5, wherein the polymeric material is selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate polymers and polyurethane-based copolymers.
8. The apparatus of Claim 7, wherein the plasticizer is selected from a group consisting of dimethylsulfoxide, ethyl lactate, and ethanol.
9. The apparatus of any of Claims 5 through 8, wherein the embolic device comprises a continuous extrusion of the polymeric material.
10. The apparatus of Claim 3, wherein the embolic device comprises an elongate, flexible microcoil having a hollow interior containing a polymeric material.
11. The apparatus of any of Claims 5 through 8, wherein the embolic device comprises an elongate, flexible chain of multiple interlinked segments, at least some of which include an interlinking portion made of the polymeric material.
12. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the embolic device comprises an elongate, flexible chain of multiple interlinked metal segments, wherein the chain is transformable by electrolytic- corrosion.
13. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the embolic device comprises an elongate, flexible chain of multiple interlinked hollow segments filled with the polymeric material.
14. The apparatus of any one of Claims 10 or 13, wherein the polymeric material is cyanoacrylate.
15. Use of an elongate filamentous embolic device as an apparatus for embolizing a vascular site, wherein said device is controllably transformable from a pre-deployment state in the vascular site to a post-deployment state after deployment in the vascular site, and wherein said device is deployable through a catheter having a distal end adjacent the vascular site, where the device has a filamentous form before it is inserted into the catheter and forms a web-like mass in the vascular site as it transforms from its pre-deployment state to its post-deployment state.
16. Use according to claim 15, wherein the embolic device is used in conjunction with an elongate, flexible deployment tube wherein the proximal end of the embolic device attaches to the distal end of the deployment tube and wherein fluid is used to push the deployment tube through the catheter until the embolic device is deployed in the vascular site and detached from the deployment tube.
17. Use according to claim 15 or claim 16 wherein the embolic device includes a portion made of polymeric material that is transformable from a soft pre-deployment state to the post-deployment state, and wherein a polymeric portion contacts vascular blood.
18. Use according to claim 15 or claim 16 wherein the embolic device includes a portion made of a polymeric material that is transformable from the pre-deployment state to the post-deployment state, and wherein contact with a biocompatible liquid that is cooler than blood transforms the device to the rigid or semi-rigid state.
19. Use according to claim 15 or claim 16, wherein the device comprises an elongate, flexible chain of multiple interlinked metal segments, and wherein electrolytic corrosion of the elements transforms the device to the rigid or semi-rigid state.
20. Use according to claim 15 or claim 16, wherein the embolic device has a hollow interior into which a transition material is inserted and wherein said transition material is transformed upon contact with vascular blood.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA2736639A CA2736639A1 (en) | 1998-04-28 | 1999-04-23 | Apparatus and method for vascular embolization |
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US09/069008 | 1998-04-28 | ||
US09/069,008 US6015424A (en) | 1998-04-28 | 1998-04-28 | Apparatus and method for vascular embolization |
CA002330136A CA2330136C (en) | 1998-04-28 | 1999-04-23 | Apparatus and method for vascular embolization |
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CA002330136A Division CA2330136C (en) | 1998-04-28 | 1999-04-23 | Apparatus and method for vascular embolization |
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CA2736639A Division CA2736639A1 (en) | 1998-04-28 | 1999-04-23 | Apparatus and method for vascular embolization |
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CA2736639A Abandoned CA2736639A1 (en) | 1998-04-28 | 1999-04-23 | Apparatus and method for vascular embolization |
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CA002330136A Expired - Fee Related CA2330136C (en) | 1998-04-28 | 1999-04-23 | Apparatus and method for vascular embolization |
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CA2736639A Abandoned CA2736639A1 (en) | 1998-04-28 | 1999-04-23 | Apparatus and method for vascular embolization |
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- 1999-04-23 JP JP2000545447A patent/JP4376458B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-04-23 ES ES04019762T patent/ES2285319T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1999-04-23 WO PCT/US1999/007399 patent/WO1999055239A1/en active IP Right Grant
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