CA2110186C - Method and apparatus for making cellulosic fibrous structures by selectively obturated drainage and cellulosic fibrous structures produced thereby - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for making cellulosic fibrous structures by selectively obturated drainage and cellulosic fibrous structures produced thereby

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Publication number
CA2110186C
CA2110186C CA002110186A CA2110186A CA2110186C CA 2110186 C CA2110186 C CA 2110186C CA 002110186 A CA002110186 A CA 002110186A CA 2110186 A CA2110186 A CA 2110186A CA 2110186 C CA2110186 C CA 2110186C
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Prior art keywords
basis weight
region
regions
protuberances
fibrous structure
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CA002110186A
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French (fr)
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CA2110186A1 (en
Inventor
Paul Dennis Trokhan
Dean Van Phan
Larry Leroy Huston
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Procter and Gamble Co
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Procter and Gamble Co
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Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21FPAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F11/00Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines
    • D21F11/006Making patterned paper
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H27/00Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
    • D21H27/02Patterned paper
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S162/00Paper making and fiber liberation
    • Y10S162/903Paper forming member, e.g. fourdrinier, sheet forming member

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a cellulosic fibrous structure having multiple regions distinguished from one another by basis weight.
The structure is a paper having an essentially continuous high basis weight network, and discrete regions of low basis weight which circumscribe discrete regions of intermediate basis weight. The cellulosic fibers forming the low basis weight regions may be radially oriented relative to the centers of the regions. The paper may be formed by using a forming belt having zones with dif-ferent flow resistances. The basis weight of a region of the paper is generally inversely proportional to the flow resistance of the zone of the forming belt, upon which such region was formed. The zones of different flow resistances provide for selectively draining a liquid carrier having suspended cellulosic fibers through the different zones of the forming belt.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING CELLULOSIC
FIBROUS STRUCTURES BY SELECTIVELY OBTURATED DRAINAGE
AND CELLULOSIC FIBROUS STRUCTURES PRODUCED THEREBY

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present lnventlon relates to a method and apparatus for producing a cellulosic flbrous structure having regions of multlple bas1s weights and, more particularly, having multlple basis wetght regions with a high basls weight region comprising an essentially continuous network. Such a cellulosic flbrous structure is typically executed in a paper having three or more regions discriminated from one another by basis weight.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIOH
Cellulos~c fibrous structures, such as paper, are well-known in the art. Such fibrous structures are in common use today for paper towels, toilet tissue, facial tissue, etc.
To meet the needs of the consumer, these cellulosic fibrous structures must balance several competing interests. For example, the celluloslc fibrous structure must have a sufficient tensile strength to prevent the cellulosic flbrous structure from tearing or shredding during ordinary use or when undue tensile forces are not applied. The cellulos1c fibrous structure must also be absorbent, so that liquids may be qu1ckly absorbed and fully retained by the cellulosic f~brous structure. The cellulosic fibrous structure should also exhibit sufficient softness, so that it is tactilely pleasing and not harsh during use. The fibrous structure should exhibit a high degree of opacity, so that it does WO 93/00474 PCI'/US92/05139 not appear flimsy or of low quality to the user. Against this backdrop of competing interests, the cellulosic fibrous structure must be economical, so that it can be manufactured and sold for a profit, and yet is affordable to the consumer.
Tensile strength, one of the aforementioned properties, is the ability of the fibrous structure to retain its physical integrity during use. ~ensile strength is controlled by the weakest link under tension in the cellulosic fibrous structure.
The cellulosic fibrous structure will exhibit no greater tensile strength than that of any region in the cellulosic fibrous structure which is undergoing a tensile loading, as the cellulosic fibrous structure will fracture or tear through such weakest region.
The tensile strength of a cellulosic fibrous structure may be improved by increasing the basis weight of the cellulosic fibrous structure. However, increasing the basis weight requires more cellulosic fibers to be utilized in the manufacture, leading to greater expense and requiring greater utilization of natural resources for the raw materials.
Absorbency is the property of the cellulosic fibrous structure which allows it to attract and retain contacted liquids.
Both the absolute quantity of liquid retained and the rate at which the fibrous structure absorbs contacted liquids must be considered with respect to the desired end use of the cellulosic fibrous structure. Absorbency is influenced by the density of the cellulosic fibrous structure. If the cellulosic fibrous structure is too dense, the interstices between fibers may be too small and the rate of absorption may not be great enough for the intended use. If the interstices are too large, capillary attraction of contacted liquids is minimized and, due to surface tension limitations, liquids will not be retained by the fibrous structure.
Softness is the ability of a cellulosic fibrous structure to impart a particularly desirable tactile sensatlon to the user's skin. Softness is influenced by bulk modulus (fiber flexibility, fiber morphology, bond density and unsupported fiber length), surface texture (crepe frequency, size of various regions and WO 93/00474 2 1 1 0 1 8 ~ PCI/US92/05139 smoothness), and the sttck-sllp surface coefficlent of friction.
Softness is inversely proportional to the abllity of the cellulosic fibrous structure to reslst deformatlon in a direction normal to the plane of the cellulosic fibrous structure.
Opacity is the property of a cellulosic fibrous structure which prevents or reduces light transmission therethrough.
Opacity is directly related to the basis weight, density and uniformity of fiber distribution of the cellulosic fibrous structure. A celluloslc fibrous structure having relatively greater basis weight or uniformity of fiber distributlon wlll also have greater opacity for a glven density. Increasing density will increase opacity to a point, beyond which further densification will decrease opacity.
One compromise between the various aforementloned properties is to provide a cellulosic fibrous structure having mutually discrete zero basis weight apertures amidst an essentlally continuous network having a particular basis weight. The dlscrete apertures represent regions of lower basis weight than the essentlally continùous network provlding for bending perpendicular to the plane of the celluloslc fibrous structure, and hence increase the flexibility of the cellulosic fibrous structure. The apertures are c~rcumscribed by the continuous network, which has a desired basis we1ght and which controls the tens11e strength of the fibrous structure.
Such cellulosic structures are known in the pr~or art. For example, U.S. Patent 3,034,180 issued May 15, 1962 to Greiner et al. discloses cellulosic fibrous structures having bilaterally staggered apertures and aligned apertures. Moreover, cellulosic fibrous structures having various shapes of apertures are disclosed in the prior art. For example, Greiner et al. discloses square apertures, diamond-shaped apertures, round apertures and cross-shaped apertures.
However, apertured celluloslc fibrous structures have several shortcomings. The apertures represent transparencies in the cellulosic fibrous structure and may cause the consumer to feel the structure is of lesser quality or strength than desired. The apertures are generally too large to absorb and retain any fluids, due to the limited surface tension of fluids typically encountered by the aforementioned tissue and towel products.
Also, the basis weight of the network around the apertures must be increased so that sufficient tensile strength is obtained.
In addition to the zero basis weight apertured degenerate case, attempts have been made to provide a cellulosic fibrous structure having mutually discrete nonzero low basis weight regions admits nonessentially continuous network. For example, U.S. Patent 4,514,345 issued April 30, 1985 to Johnson et al.
discloses a fibrous structure having discrete nonzero low basis weight hexagonally shaped regions. A similarly shaped pattern, utilized in a textile fabric, is disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,144,370 issued March 13, 1979 to Boulton.
The nonapertured structures disclosed in these references provide the advantages of slightly increased opacity and the presence of some absorbency in the discrete low basis weight regions, but do not solve the problem that very little tensile load is carried by the discrete nonzero low basis weight regions, thus limiting the overall burst strength of the cellulosic fibrous structure. Also, neither Johnson et al. nor Boulton teach cellulosic fibrous structures having relatively high opacity in the discrete low basis weight regions.
Cellulosic fibrous structures are usually manufactured by depositing a liquid carrier having cellulosic fibers homogeneously entrained therein onto an apparatus having a fiber retentive liquid pervious forming element. The forming element may be generally planar and is typically an endless belt.
The aforementioned references, and additional teachings such as U.S. Patents 3,322,617 issued May 30, 1967 to Osborne;
3,025,585 issued March 20, 1962 to Griswold, and 3,159,530 issued December 1, 1964 to Heller et al. disclose various apparatuses suitable for manufacturing cellulosic fibrous structures having discrete low basis weight regions. The discrete low basis weight regions according to these teachings are produced by a pattern of upstanding protuberances joined to the forming element of the apparatus used to manufacture the cellulosic fibrous structure.
However, in each of the aforementioned references, the upstanding W O 93/00474 PC~r/US92/05139 s protuberances are disposed in a regular, repeating pattern The pattern may comprise protuberances staggered relative to the adjacent protuberances or aligned with the adjacent protuberances.
Each protuberance (whether aligned, or staggered) is equally spaced from the adjacent protuberance. Indeed, Heller et al.
utilizes a woven Fourdrinier wire for the protuberances.
The arrangement of equally spaced protuberances represents another shortcoming in the prior art. The apparatuses having this arrangement provide substantially uniform and equal flow resistances (and hence drainage and hence deposition of cellulosic fibers) throughout the entire liquid pervious portion of the forming element utilized to make the cellulosic fibrous structure.
Substantially equal quantities of cellulosic fibers are deposited in the liquid pervious region because equal flow resistances to the drainage of the liquid carrier are present in the spaces between adjacent protuberances. Thus, fibers will be relatively homogeneously and uniformly deposited, although not necessarily randomly or uniformly aligned, in each region of the apparatus and will form a cellulosic fibrous structure having a like distribution and alignment of fibers.
One teaching in the prior art not to have each protuberance equally spaced from the adjacent protuberances is disclosed in U.S. Patent 795,719 issued July 25, 1905 to Motz. However, Motz discloses protuberances disposed in a generally random pattern which does not advantageously distribute the cellulosic f;bers in the manner most efficient to maximize any one of or optimize a majority of the aforementioned properties.
Accordingly, it is an object of this inYention to overcome the problems of the prior art and particularly to overcome the problems presented by the competing interests of maintaining high tensile strength, high absorbency, high softness, and high opacity without unduly sacrificing any of the other properties or requiring an uneconomical or undue use of natural resources.
Specifically, it is an object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for producing a cellulosic fibrous structure, such as paper, by having multiple and different flow resistances to the drainage of the liquid carrier of the fibers ln the apparatus.
By havlng regions of relatively hlgh and relatively low resistance to flow present in the apparatus, one can achieve greater control over the orientation and pattern of deposition of the cellulosic fibers, and obtain fibrous structures not heretofore known in the art. Generally, there 1n an inverse relation between the flow resistance of a particular region of the liquid pervious fiber retentive forming element and the basis weight of the region of the resulting cellulosic fibrous structure corresponding to such regions of the forming element. Thus, regions of relatively low flow resistance will produce corresponding regions in the cellulosic fibrous structure having a relatively high basis weight and vice versa.
More particularly, the regions of relatively low flow resistance should be continuous so that a continuous high basis weight network of fibers results, and tensile strength is not sacrificed. The regions of relatively high flow resistance (which yield relatively low basis weight regions in the cellulosic fibrous structure) may either be discrete or continuous, as desired.
According to the present invention, the forming element is a forming belt having a plurality of regions discriminated from one another by having different flow resistances. The liquid carrier drains through the regions of the forming belt according to and inversely proportional to the flow resistance presented thereby.
For example, if there are impervious regions, such as protuberances or blockages in the forming belt, no liquid carrier can drain through these regions and hence relatively few or no fibers will be deposited in such regions.
~ he flow resistance of the forming belt according to the present invention is thus critical to determining the pattern in which the cellulosic fibers entrained in the liquid carrier will be deposited. Generally, more fibers will be deposited in zones of the forming belt having a relatively lesser flow resistance, because more liquid carrier may drain through such regions.
However, it is to be recognized that the flow resistance of a W O 93/00474 PC~r/US92/05139 particular region on the forming belt is not constant and will change as a function of tlme.
Such change occurs because as the cellulosic fibers are deposited onto a region of the forming belt the cellulosic fibers will obturate the region, increasing lts flow resistance.
Obturation and lncreased flow resistance in a region result in generally reducing the amount liquid carrier which drains therethrough and, hence, the amount of fibers later and further deposited onto this same region.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention comprises a single lamina cellulosic fibrous structure having at least three regions disposed in a nonrandom repeating pattern. The ~irst region is of relatively high basis weight compared to the other two regions and comprises an essentially continuous network which circumscribes the other two regions. The second region is of relatively low basls weight compared to the two other regions and is circumscribed by the first region. The third region is of intermediate basls weight relative to the two other regions and is juxtaposed with the second region, peripherally bordering it. Particularly, the second region may be substantially contiguous with the third region, more particularly may circumscribe the third region, and may even be circumjacent the third region. In a preferred embodiment, a plurality of the cellulosic fibers of the second region are substantially radially oriented.
The cellulosic fibrous structure according to the present invention may be made according to the process of deposittng a liquid carrier having cellulosic fibers suspended therein onto a liquid pervious fiber retentive forming element. The liquid carrier drains through the forming element in two simultaneous stages, a high flow rate stage and a low flow rate stage, corresponding respectively to the high and low flow rate zones in the forming belt. Both stages decrease in flow rate as a function of time, due to obturation of the zones with cellulosic fibers.
The stages are discriminated from one another by the initial mass flow rate through the respective zones.

The cellulosic fibrous structure according to the present invention may be made on an apparatus comprising a liquid pervious fiber retentive forming element. The forming element has two zones, a high flow rate zone and a low flow rate zone. The belt also has protuberances which are impervious to the flow of liquid carrier therethrough. The protuberances and the two zones are arranged in a pattern corresponding to the basis weights of the regions of the cellulosic fibrous structure to be formed thereon.
The forming element may have a means for retaining cellulosic fibers in a pattern of three different basis weights. The means for retaining cellulosic fibers in a pattern may comprise zones in the forming element having different hydraulic radii.
The hydraulic radii of the zones may be made different by having a patterned array of upstanding protuberances in the forming element, by each protuberance being equally spaced from the adjacent protuberance and having a liquid pervious orifice therethrough by having protuberances clustered so that some protuberances are equally spaced from the adjacent protuberances and some protuberances are not equally spaced from the adjacent protuberances, or by combinations of the foregoing.
Other aspects of this invention are as follows:
A single lamina cellulosic fibrous structure comprising a plurality of regions disposed in a nonrandom, repeating pattern:
a first region, of a relatively high basis weight and comprising an essentially continuous network;
a second region of a relatively low or zero basis weight and being circumscribed by and adjacent said first region; and 8a 2110186 a third region of an intermediate basis weight relative to the basis weight of said first and said second regions, said third region being juxtaposed with said second region.
A single lamina cellulosic fibrous structure comprising a plurality of regions disposed in a nonrandom, repeating pattern:
a first essentially continuous load bearing network region;
a second discrete region having fewer fibers per unit area than said first region or having zero fibers per unit area; and a third region radially bridging said first network region to said second discrete region.
An apparatus in the forming section of a papermaking machine for forming a macroscopically planar cellulosic fibrous structure having regions of at least three mutually different basis weights disposed in a nonrandom repeating pattern, said apparatus comprising:
- a liquid pervious fiber retentive forming element having zones through which a liquid carrying the cellulosic fibers may drain; and - a means for retaining the cellulosic fibers on said forming element in a nonrandom repeating pattern of three regions having three different basis weights wherein said retaining means comprises zones of different hydraulic radii through which said liquid carrying said cellulosic fibers may drain to dispose said fibers in a relatively high basis weight region comprising an essentially continuous network;
a relatively low basis weight region being circumscribed by said high basis weight region; and a region of intermediate basis weight relative to the basis weights of said high basis weight region B

8b 2 110186 and said low basis weight regions, said intermediate basis weight region being circumscribed by said high basis weight region and being juxtaposed with said low basis weight region, the pattern of said regions corresponding to the zones of different hydraulic radii in said retaining means.
An apparatus in the forming section of a papermaking machine for forming a macroscopically planar cellulosic fibrous structure having regions of at least three mutually different basis weights disposed in a nonrandom repeating pattern, said apparatus comprising:
- a liquid pérvious fiber retentive forming element having zones through which a liquid carrying the cellulosic fibers may drain; and - a means for retaining the cellulosic fibers on said forming element in a nonrandom repeating pattern of three regions having three different basis weights wherein said retaining means comprises a foraminous, liquid pervious reinforcing structure and a patterned array of protuberances joined thereto at a proximal end of each protuberance and extending outwardly to a free end of each protuberance, said patterned array being arranged with first protuberances spaced from an adjacent second protuberance by a first distance taken parallel to the plane of the reinforcing structure, and said first protuberance being spaced from adjacent third protuberances by a second distance taken parallel to the plane of the reinforcing structure, whereby said first spaced distance and said second spaced distance are not equal to each other, each said protuberance being circumscribed by a liquid pervious annulus.

8c 2110186 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the Specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the present invention, it is believed the same will be better understood by the following Specification taken in conjunction with the associated drawings in which like components are given the same reference numeral, analogous components are designated with a prime symbol and:
Figure 1 is top plan photomicrographic view of a cellulosic fibrous structure according to the present invention having three mutually distinguishable regions;
Figure 2 is a schematic side elevational view of an apparatus which may be utilized to make the cellulosic fibrous structure according to the present invention;
Figure 3 is a fragmentary side elevational view of a forming element taken along line 3-3 of Figure 2;

Figure 4 is a fragmentary top plan vlew of the formlng element of Figure 3, taken along line 4-4 of Figure 3 and having an orifice through each protuberance;
Figure 5 is a schematic top plan view of an alternative embodiment of a forming element having first protuberances equally spaced from second protuberances by a particular distance, and having first protuberances spaced from third protuberances by a greater distance; and Figure 6 is a schematic top plan view of an alternatlve embodiment of a forming belt having protuberances with orifices therethrough and which are clustered in different spacings from adjacent protuberances.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

THE PRODUCT
As illustrated in Figure 1, a cellulosic fibrous structure 20 according to the present invention has three regions: first high basis weight regions 24; second intermediate basis weight regions 26; third low basis weight regions 28. Each region 24, 26 or 28 is composed of fibers which are approximated by linear elements.
The fibers are components of the cellulosic flbrous structure 20 and have one very large dimension (along the longitudinal axis of the fiber) compared to the other two relatively very small dimensions (mutually perpendicular, and being both radial and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fiber), so that linearity is approximated. While microscopic examination of the fibers may reveal two other dimensions which are small, compared to the principal dimension of the fibers, such other two small dimensions need not be substantially equivalent nor constant throughout the axial length of the fiber. It is only important that the fiber be able to bend about its axis, be able to bond to other fibers and be distributed by a liquid carrier.
The fibers comprising the cellulosic fibrous structure may be synthetic, such as polyolefin or polyester; are preferably cellulosic, such as cotton linters, rayon or bagasse; and more preferably are wood pulp, such as soft woods (gymnosperms or coniferous) or hard woods (ang~osperms or deciduous). As used herein, a fibrous structure 20 or is considered ~cellulosic~ 1f the fibrous structure 20 or comprises at least about S0 weight percent or at least about 50 volume percent celluloslc fibers, including but not limited to those fibers listed above. A
cellulosic mixture of wood pulp fibers comprising softwood fibers having a length of about 2.0 to about 4.5 milllmeters and a diameter of about 25 to about 50 micrometers, and hardwood flbers having a length of less than about l millimeter and a diameter of about 12 to about 25 micrometers has been found to work well for the cellulosic fibrous structures 20 described herein.
If wood pulp fibers are selected for the cellulosic fibrous structure 20, the fibers may be produced by any pulping process including chemical processes, such as sulfite, sulphate and soda processes; and mechanical processes such as stone groundwood.
Alternatively, the fibers may be produced by combinations of chemical and mechanical processes or may be recycled. The type, combination, and processing of the fibers used are not critical to the present invention.
It is not necessary, or even likely, that the various regions 24, 26 and 28 of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20 have the same or a uniform distribution of hardwood and softwood fibers.
Instead, it is likely that regions 24, 26 or 28 formed by a zone of the apparatus used to make the cellulosic fibrous structure 20 having a lesser flow resistance will have a greater percentage of softwood fibers. Furthermore, the hardwood and softwood fibers may be layered throughout the thickness of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20.
A cellulosic fibrous structure 20 according to the present invent;on is macroscopically two-dimensional and planar, although not necessarily flat. The cellulosic fibrous structure 20 may have some thickness in the third dimension. However, the third dimension is very small compared to the actual first two dimensions or to the capability to manufacture a cellulosic fibrous structure 20 having relatively large measurements in the first two dimensions.

WO 93/00474 PCI'/US92/05139 The cellulosic flbrous structure 20 according to the present invention comprises a single lamina. However, it is to be recognized that two or more single lam1nae, any or all made according to the present invention, may be ~oined in face-to-face relation to form a unitary laminate. A cellulosic fibrous structure 20 according to the present invention is considered to be a ~single lamina~ if it is taken off the forming element, discussed below, as a single sheet having a thickness prior to drying which does not change unless fibers are added to or removed from the sheet. The cellulosic fibrous structure 20 may be later embossed, or remain nonembossed, as desired.
The cellulosic fibrous structure 20 according to the present invention may be defined by intensive properties which discriminate regions 24, 26 and 28 from each other. For example, the basis weight of the fibrous structure 20 is one intensive property which discriminates the regions 24, 26 and 28 from each other. As used herein, a property is considered ~intensive~ if it does not have a value dependent upon the aggregation of values within the plane of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20. Examples of intensive properties include the density, projected capillary size, basis weight, temperature, compressive and tensile moduli, etc. of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20. As used herein properties which depend upon the aggregation of various values of subsystems or components of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20 are considered ~extensive.~ Examples of extensive properties include the weight, mass, volume, and moles of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20.
The cellulosic fibrous structure 20 according to the present invention has at least three distinct basis weights which are divided between at least three identifiable areas, referred to as "regions" of the fibrous structure 20. As used herein, the ~basis weight" is the weight, measured in grams force, of a unit area of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20, which unit area is taken in the plane of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20. The size and shape of the unit area from which the basis weight is measured is dependent upon the relative and absolute sizes and shapes of the regions 24, 26, and 28 having the different basis weights.

W O 93/00474 PC~r/US92/05139 It will be recognized by one skilled in the art that within a given region 24, 26, or 28, ordinary and expected basis weight fluctuations and variations may occur, when such glven region 24, 26 or 28 iS considered to have one basis weight. For example, if on a microscopic level, the basis weight of an interstice between fibers is measured, an apparent basis weight of zero will result when, in fact, unless an aperture in the fibrous structure 20 is being measured, the basis weight of such region 24, 26 or 28 iS
greater than zero. Such fluctuatlons and variatlons are a normal and expected result of the manufacturing process.
It is not necessary that exact boundaries divide adjacent regions 24, 26, or 28 of different basis weights, or that a sharp demarkation between adjacent regions 24, 26, or 28 of different basis weights be apparent at all. It is only important that the distribution of fibers per unit area be different in dlfferent positions of the fibrous structure 20 and that such different distribution occurs in a nonrandom, repeating pattern. Such nonrandom repeating pattern corresponds to a nonrandom repeating pattern in the topography of the liquid pervious fiber retentive forming element used to manufacture the cellulosic fibrous structure 20.
The different basis weights of the regions 24, 26 and 28 provide for different opacities of such regions 24, 26 and 28.
~hile it is desirable from an opacity standpoint to have a uniform basis weight throughout the cellulosic fibrous structure 20, a uniform basis weight cellulosic fibrous structure 20 does not optimize other properties of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20, such as the wet burst strength. However, for the cellulosic fibrous structures 20 described herein, it is to be generally understood that regions 24 of relatively higher basis weight have greater opacity than regions having a lesser basis weight, such as intermediate basis weight regions 26 or low basis weight regions 28.
Preferably, the nonrandom repeating pattern tesselates, so that adjacent regions 24, 26 and 28 are cooperatively and advantageously juxtaposed. By being ~nonrandom,~ the intensively defined regions 24, 26, and 28 are considered to be predictable, W O 93/00474 PC~r/US92/05139 and may occur as a result of known and predetermined features of the apparatus used in the manufacturing process. By ~repeating~
the pattern is formed more than once in the fibrous structure 20.
The intensively discriminated regions 24, 26, and 28 of the fibrous structure 20 may be ~discrete,~ so that ad~acent regions 24, 26 or 28 having the same basis weight are not contiguous.
Alternatively, a region 24, 26 or 28 having one basis weight throughout the entirety of the fibrous structure 20 may be ~essentially continuous,~ so that such region 24, 26 or 28 extends substantially throughout the fibrous structure 20 in one or both of its principal dimensions.
Of course, it is to be recognized that if the fibrous structure 20 is very large as manufactured, and the regions 24, 26, and 28 are very small compared to the size of the fibrous structure 20 during manufacture, i.e. varying by several orders of magnitude, absolute predictability of the exact dispersion and patterns among the various regions 24, 26, and 28 may be very difficult or even impossible and yet the pattern still be considered nonrandom. However, it is only important that such intensively defined regions 24, 26, and 28 be dispersed in a pattern substantially as desired to yield the performance properties which render the fibrous structure 20 suitable for its intended purpose.
It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that there may be small transition regions having a basis weight intermediate the basis weights of the adjacent regions 24, 26, or 28, which transition regions by themselves may not be significant enough in area to be considered as comprising a basis weight distinct from the basis weights of either adjacent region 24, 26, or 28. Such transition regions are within the normal manufacturing variations known and inherent in producing a fibrous structure 20 according to the present invention.
The size of the pattern of the fibrous structure 20 may vary from about 1.5 to about 390 discrete regions 26 per square centimeter (from 10 to 2,500 discrete regions 26 per square inch), preferably from about 11.6 to about 155 dlscrete regions 26 per square centimeter (from 75 to 1,000 discrete regions 26 per square WO 93/00474 PCr/US92/05139 inch), and more preferably from about 23.3 to about 85.3 discrete regions 26 per square centimeter (from 150 to 550 discrete regions 26 per square inch).
It will be apparent to one skilled 1n the art that as the pattern becomes finer (having more discrete regions 24, 26 or 28 per square centimeter) a relatively larger percentage of the smaller sized hardwood fibers may be utilized, and the percentage of the larger sized softwood fibers may be correspondingly reduced. If too many larger sized fibers are ut111zed, such fibers may not be able to conform to the topography of the apparatus, described below, which produces the fibrous structure 20. If the fibers do not properly conform, such fibers may bridge various topographical regions of the apparatus, leading to a nonpatterned fibrous structure 20. A mixture comprising about 60 percent northern softwood kraft fibers and about 40 percent hardwood kraft fibers has been found to work well for a flbrous structure 20 having about 31 discrete regions per square centimeter (200 dlscrete regions 26 per square inch).
If the fibrous structure 20 illustrated in Figure 1 is to be used as a consumer product, such as a paper towel or a tissue, the high basis weight region 24 of the fibrous structure 20 is preferably essentially continuous in two orthogonal directions within the plane of the fibrous structure 20. It is not necessary that such orthogonal directions be parallel and perpendicular the edges of the finished product or be parallel and perpendicular the direction of manufacture of the product, but only that tensile strength be imparted to the cellulosic fibrous structure in two orthogonal directions, so that any applied tensile loading may be more readily accommodated without premature failure of the product due to such tensile loading. Preferably, the continuous direction is parallel the direction of expected tensile loading of the finished product according to the present invention.
~ he cellulosic fibrous structure 20 according to the present invention comprises three regions, first high basis weight regions 24, second intermediate basis weight regions 26, and third low basis weight regions 28, as noted above. The regions 24, 26 and w o 93/00~74 PCT/US92/05139 21101~6 28 are disposed 1n a nonrandom repeat~ng pattern described more particularly as follows.
An~èxample-of an essentlally continuous network is the high basis weight region 24 of the cellulosic flbrous structure 20 of Figure l. Other examples of cellulosic fibrous structures havtng essentially continuous networks are d1sclosed in U.S. Patent 4,637,859 issued January 20, 1987 to Trokhan which shows another cellulosic fibrous structure having an essentially continuous network.
Interruptions ln the essent1ally continuous network are tolerable, albeit not preferred, so long as such ~nterrupt10ns do not substantially adversely affect the materlal properties of such portion of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20.
Conversely, the low and intermed1ate bas1s weight regions 26 and 28 may be discrete and dispersed throughout the high basis weight essentially continuous network 24. The low and intermediate basis weight regions 26 may be thought of as islands which are surrounded by a circumjacent essent1ally continuous network high btsis weight region 24. The discrete low basis weight regions 28 and the discrete intermedlate basis weight regions 26 also form a nonrandom, repeating pattern.
The discrete low basis weight regions 28 and the discrete intermediate basis weight regions 26 may be staggered in, or may be aligned in, either or both of the aforementioned two orthogonal directions. Preferably, the high bas1s we1ght essentially continuous network 24 forms a patterned network circumjacent the discrete low bas1s weight regions 28, although, as noted aboYe, small transition regions may be accommodated.
The high bas1s weight regions 24 are adjacent, contiguous and circumscribe the low and intermediate bas1s weight regions 26 and 28. The intermediate basis weight regions 26 are ~uxtaposed with the low basis weight regions 28. The low basis we19ht regions 28 may peripherally border, but not fully c1rcumscribe the intermediate basis weight region 26 or the low basis weight regions 28 may circumscribe the intermediate basis weight regions 26. Thus, the intermediate basis weight regions 26 are generally P ~ /US92/05139 W o 93/00474 smaller tn diametrical dimension, although not necessarily ln surface area, than the circum~acent tow basis weight regions 28.
The low basis weight regions 28 may further be contiguous and even clrcum~acent the lntermediate basis weight regtons 26. The relative disposltion of the low and intermedlate basis weight regions 26 within the high basis weight regions 24 depends upon the disposition of the high and low flow flow rate stage zones zones of different flow resistances in the forming belt 42.
The fibers of the three regions 24, 26 and 28 may be advantageously aligned in different directions. For example, the fibers comprising the essentlally continuous high basis weight region 24 may be preferentially aligned in a generally singular direction, corresponding to the essentially continuous network of the annuluses 65 between ad~acent protuberances S9 and the influence of the machine direction of the manufacturing process.
This alignment provides for fibers to be generally mutually parallel, have a relatively high degree of bonding. The relatively high degree of bonding produces a relatively high tensile strength in the high basis weight region 24. Such high tensile strength in the relatively high basis weight region 24 is generally advantageous, because the high basis weight region 24 carries and transmits applied tensile loading throughout the cellulosic fiber structure 20.
The relatively low basis weight region 28 comprises fibers, a plurality of which are generally radially oriented, and emanate outwardly from the center of the low basis weight region 28. If the low basis weight region 28 is circum~acent the intermediate basis weight region 26, the fibers of the low basis weight region will also be radially outwardly oriented with respect to the center of the intermediate basis weight region 26. Further, as illustrated in Figure 1, the low basis weight region 28 and the intermediate basis weight region 26 may be and preferably are mutually concentric.

THE APPARATUS
Many components of the apparatus used to make a fibrous structure 20 according to the present invention are well known in W o 93/00474 the art of papermaking. As illustrated in F~gure 2, the apparatus may comprise a means 44 for depos~ting a llquid carrier and cellulosic fibers entrained therein onto a liquld pervious fiber retentive forming element.
The liquid pervlous fiber retentive forming element may be a forming belt 42, is the heart of the apparatus and represents one component of the apparatus which departs from the prior art to manufacture the cellulosic fibrous structures 20 described and claimed herein. Partlcularly, the liquid pervious f1ber retentive forming element has protuberances 59 which form the low and intermediate basis weight regions 26 of the fibrous structure 20, and intermediate annuluses 65 which form the high basis weight regions 24 of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20.
The apparatus may further comprise a secondary belt 46 to which the fibrous structure 20 is transferred after the majority of the liquid carrier ls drained away and the cellulosic fibers are retained on the forming belt 42. The secondary belt 46 may further comprise a pattern of knuckles or projectlons not coincident the reglons 24, 26, and 28 of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20. The forming and secondary belts 42 and 46 travel in the directions depicted by arrows A and B respectively.
After deposition of the liquid carrier and entrained cellulosic fibers onto the forming belt 42, the fibrous structure 20 is dried according to either or both of known drying means 50a and 50b, such as a blow through dryer 50a, and/or a Yankee drying drum 50b. Also, the apparatus may comprise a means, such as a doctor blade 68, for foreshortening or creping the fibrous structure 20.
If a forming belt 42 is selected for the forming element of the apparatus used to make the cellulosic fibrous structure 20, the forming belt 42 has two mutually opposed faces, a first face 53 and a second face 55, as illustrated in Figure 3. The first face 53 is the surface of the forming belt 42 which contacts the fibers of the cellulosic structure 20 being formed. The first face 53 has been referred to in the art as the paper contacting side of the forming belt 42. The first face 53 has two topographically distinct regions 53a and 53b. The regions 53a and `"~93/0~74 PCT/US92/05139 2ilO186 53b are disttnguished by the amount of orthogonal variatlon from the seco~d and opposlte face 5S of the forming belt 42. Such orthogonal variation is considered to be ln the ~-direction. As used herein the ~-direction~ refers to the direction away from and generally orthogonal to the XY plane of the forming belt ~2, considering the forming belt 42 to be a planar, two-dimensional structure.
The forming belt 42 should be able to withstand all of the known stresses and operating conditions in whlch cellulosic, two-dimensional structures are processed and manufactured. A
particularly preferred forming belt 42 may be made accordlng to the teachings of U.S. Patent 4,514,345 issued April 30, 1985 to Johnson et al., and particularly according Figure S of Johnson et al., which patent shows a particularly suitable forming element for use with the present invention and a method of making such forming element.

The forming belt 42 ls liquid pervious in at least one direction, particularly the direction from the flrst face 53 of the belt, through the forming belt 42, to the second face 55 of the forming belt 42. As used herein ~liquid pervious~ refers to the condition where the liquid carrier of a fibrous slurry may be transmitted through the forming belt 42 without s~gnificant obstruction. It may, of course, be helpful or even necessary to apply a slight differential pressure to assist in transmission of the liquid through the forming belt 42 to insure that the forming belt 42 has the proper degree of perviousness.
It is not, however, necessary, or even desired, that the entire surface area of the forming belt 42 be liquid pervious. It is only necessary that the liquid carrier of the fibrous slurry be easily removed from the slurry leaving on the first face 53 of the forming belt 42 an embryonic fibrous structure 20 of the deposited fibers.
The forming belt 42 is also fiber retentive. As used herein a component is considered ~fiber retentive~ lf such component retains a majority of the fibers deposited thereon in a macroscopically predetermined pattern or geometry, without regard :3 W O 93/00474 PC~r/US92/05139 to the orlentat10n or disposition of any particular fiber. Of course, it ls not expected that a fiber retentive component will retain one hundred percent of the fibers deposlted thereon (particularly as the liqu~d carrier of the fibers drains away from such component) nor that such retention be permanent. It is only necessary that the fibers be retained on the forming belt 42, or other fiber retentive component, for a period of t1me sufficient to allow the steps of the process to be satisfactortly completed.
The forming belt 42 may be thought of as having a reinforcing structure 57 and a patterned array of protuberances 59 joined in face to face relation to the reinforcing structure 57, to define the two mutually opposed faces 53 and 55. The reinforc~ng structure 57 may comprise a foraminous element, such as a woven screen or other apertured framework. The reinforcing structure 57 is substantially liquid pervious. A suitable foraminous reinforcing structure 57 is a screen having a mesh slze of about 6 to about 50 filaments per centimeter (15.2 to 127 filaments per inch) as seen in the plan view, although it is to be recognized that warp filaments are often stacked, doubling the filament count specified above. The openings between the filaments may be generally square, as illustrated, or of any other desired cross-section. The filaments may be formed of polyester strands, woven or nonwoven fabrlcs. Particularly, a 52 dual mesh reinforcing structure 57 has been found to work well.
One face 55 of the reinforcing structure 57 may be essentially macroscopically monoplanar and comprises the outwardly oriented face 53 of the form1ng belt 42. The inwardly oriented face of the forming belt 42 is often referred to as the backside of the forming belt 42 and, as noted above, contacts at least part of the balance of the apparatus employed in a papermaking operation. The opposing and outwardly oriented face 53 of the reinforcing structure 57 may be referred to as the fiber-contacting side of the forming belt 42, because the fibrous slurry, discussed above, is deposited onto this face 53 of the forming belt 42.
The patterned array of protuberances 59 is joined to the reinforcing structure 57 and preferably comprises individual 211Q18~

protuberances 59 ~oined to and extending outwardly from the inwardly oriented face 53 of the reinforcing structure 57 as illustrated in Figure 3. The protuberances 59 are also considered to be fiber contacting, because the patterned array of protuberances 59 receives, and indeed may be covered by, the fibrous slurry as it is deposited onto the forming belt 42.
~ he protuberances 59 may be joined to the reinforcing structure 57 ~n any known manner, with a particularly preferred manner betng joining a plurality of the protuberances 59 to the reinforcing structure 57 as a batch process lncorporating a hardenable polymeric photosensitive resin - rather than individually joining each protuberance 59 of the patterned array of protuberances 59 to the reinforcing structure 57. The patterned array of protuberances 59 is preferably formed by manipulating a mass of generally liquid material so that, when solidified, such material is contiguous with and forms part of the protuberances 59 and at least partially surrounds the reinforcing structure 57 in contacting relationship, as illustrated in Figure 3.
As illustrated in Figure 4, the patterned array of protuberances 59 should be arranged so that a plurality of conduits, into which fibers of the fibrous slurry may deflect, extend in the Z-directlon from the free ends 53b of the protuberances 59 to the proximal elevation 53a of the outwardly oriented face 53 of the reinforcing structure 57. This arrangement provides a deflned topography to the forming belt 42 and allows for the liquid carrier and fibers therein to flow to the reinforcing structure 57. The conduits between ad~acent protuberances 59 have a defined flow resistance which is dependent upon the pattern, size and spacing of the protuberances 59.
The protuberances 59 are discrete and preferably regularly spaced so that large scale weak spots in the essentially continuous network 24 of the fibrous structure 20 are not formed.
The liquid carrier may drain the through annuluses 65 between adjacent protuberances 59 to the reinforcing structure 57 and deposit fibers thereon. More preferably, the protuberances 59 are distributed in a nonrandom repeating pattern so that the w o 93/00474 P ~ /US92/05139 essentially continuous network 24 of the fibrous structure 20 (which is formed around and between the protuberances 59) more uniformly distributes applied tensile loading throughout the fibrous structure 20. Most preferably, the protuberances 59 are bilaterally staggered in an array, so that adjacent low basis weight regions 28 in the resulting fibrous structure 20 are not aligned with either principal direction to which tensile loading may be applied.
Referring back to Figure 3, the protuberances 59 are upstanding and ~oined at their proximal ends 53a to the outwardly oriented face 53 of the reinforcing structure 57 and extend away from this face 53 to a distal or free end 53b whlch defines the furthest orthogonal variation of the patterned array of protuberances 59 from the outwardly oriented face 53 of the reinforcing structure 57. Thus, the outwardly oriented face 53 of the forming belt 42 is defined at two elevations. The pro%imal elevation of the outwardly oriented face 53 is defined by the surface of the reinforcing structure 57 to which the proximal ends 53a of the protuberances 59 are joined, taking into account, of course, any material of the protuberances 59 which surrounds the reinforcing structure 57 upon solidification. The distal elevation of the outwardly oriented face 53 is defined by the free ends 53b of the patterned array of protuberances 59. The opposed and inwardly oriented face 55 of the forming belt 42 is defined by the other face of the reinforcing structure 57, taking into account, of course, any material of the protuberances 59 whlch surrounds the reinforcing structure 57 upon solidification, which face is opposite the direction of extent of the protuberances 59.
The protuberances 59 may extend, orthogonal the plane of the forming belt 42, outwardly from the proximal elevation of the outwardly oriented face 53 of the reinforcing structure 57 about O
millimeters to about 1.3 millimeters (O to 0.050 inches).
Obviously, if the protuberances 59 have zero extent in the Z-direction, a more nearly constant basis weight cellulosic fibrous structure 20 is approximated. Therefore, if it is desired to minimize the difference in basis weights between adjacent high basis weight regions 24 and low basis weight regions 28 of the celluloslc fibrous structure 20, generally shorter protuberances 59 should be utilized.
As lllustrated in Figure 4, the protuberances S9 preferably do not have sharp corners, part1cularly in the XY plane, so that stress concentrations in the resulting high basis we1ght reg1Ons 24 of the cellulosic fibrnus structure 20 of Figure 1 are obviated. A particularly preferred protuberance 59 1s curvirhombohedrally shaped, having a cross-section which resembles a rhombus with radiused corners.
~ ithout regard to the cross-sectional area of the protuberances 59, the sides of the protuberances 59 may be generally mutually parallel and orthogonal the plane of the forming belt 42. Alternatively, the protuberances 59 may be somewhat tapered, yielding a frustroconical shape, as 111ustrated in Figure 3.
It is not necessary that the protuberances 59 be of uniform height or that the free ends 53b of the protuberances 59 be equally spaced from the proximal elevation 53a of the outwardly oriented face 53 of the reinforcing structure 57. If it is desired to incorporate more complex patterns than those illustrated into the fibrous structure 20, 1t will be understood by one skilled in the art that this may be accomplished by having a topography defined by several Z-directional levels of upstanding protuberances 59 - each level yielding a different basis weight than occurs in the regions of the fibrous structure 20 defined by the protuberances 59 of the other levels. Alternatively, this may be otherwise accomplished by a forming belt 42 having an outwardly oriented face 53 defined by more than two elevations by some other means, for example, having uniform sized protuberances S9 joined to a reinforcing structure 57 having a planarity which significantly varies relative to the Z-direction extent of the protuberances 59.
As illustrated in Figure 4, the patterned array of protuberances 59 may, preferably, range in area, as a percentage of the projected surface area of the forming belt 42, from a minimum of about 20 percent of the total projected surface area of the forming belt 42 to a maximum of about 80 percent of the total W O 93/00474 PC~r/US92/05139 proiected surface area of the forming belt 42, w1th the reinforc1ng structure 5~ prov1d1ng the balance of the pro~ected surface area of the form1ng belt 42. The contrlbut10n of the patterned array of protuberances S9 to the total pro~ected surface area of the forming belt 42 1s taken as the aggregate of the projected area of each protuberance 59 taken at the maximum projection against an orthogonal to the outwardly or1ented face 53 of the reinforcing structure 57.
It is to be recogn1zed that as the contr1but10n of the protuberances 59 to the total surface area of the forming belt 42 diminishes, the previously descr1bed h19h bas1s we1ght essent1ally continuous network 24 of the f1brous structure 20 increases, minimizing the economic use of raw materials. Further, the surface area between ad~acent protuberances S9 of the proximal elevation 53a of the forming belt 42 should be increased as the length of the fibers increases, otherwise the fibers may not cover the protuberances 59 and not penetrate the conduits between adjacent protuberances 59 to the reinforcing structure 57 defined by the surface area of the proximal elevation 53a.
The second face 55 of the forming belt 42 may have a defined and noticeable topography or may be essentially macroscopically monoplanar. As used herein ~essentially macroscop1cally monoplanar~ refers to the geometry of the forming belt 42 when it is placed in a two-dimensional configurat10n and has only minor and tolerable dev1ations from absolute planarity, which deviat10ns do not adversely affect the performance of the forming belt 42 in producing cellulosic fibrous structures 20 as described above and claimed below. Either geometry of the second face 5S, topographical or essentially macroscopically monoplanar, is acceptable, so long as the topography of the flrst face 53 of the forming belt 42 is not interrupted by deviations of larger magnitude, and the forming belt 42 can be used with the process steps described herein. The second face 55 of the forming belt 42 may contact the equipment used in the process of making the fibrous structure 20 and has been referred to in the art as the machine side of the forming belt 42.

WO 93/00474 PCI`/US92/05139 24 21101~36 The p~ot~bersnces 59 deflne annuluses 65 hav1ng multlple and mutually different flow resistances in the llquid pervious portion of the forming belt 42. One manner ln whlch differlng reglons may be provided ls lllustrated ln Flgure 4. Each protuberance 59 of the forming belt of Flgure 4 ls substantially equally spaced from the adjacent protuberance 59, providing an essentlally contlnuous network annulus 65 between ad~acent protuberances 59.
Extendlng in the Z-direction through the approximate center of a plurality of the protuberances 59 or, through each of the protuberances 59, is an orifice 63 whlch provides liquid communication between the free end 53b of the protuberance 59 and the proximal elevation 53a of the outwardly oriented face 53 of the reinforcing structure 57.
The flow resistance of the oriflce 63 through the protuberance 59 ls different from, and typically greater than, the flow resistance of the annulus 65 between ad~acent protuberances 59. Therefore, typically more of the liquid carrier will drain through the annuluses 65 between ad~acent protuberances 59 than through the aperture within and circumscribed by the free end 53b of a particular protuberance 59. Because less llquld carrier drains through the orifice 63, than through the annulus 65 between adjacent protuberances 59, relatively more flbers are deposited onto the reinforcing structure 57 subjacent the annulus 65 between adjacent protuberances 59 than onto the reinforcing structure 57 subjacent the apertures 63.
~ he annuluses 65 and apertures 63 respectively define high flow rate and and low flow rate zones ln the forming belt 42.
Because the flow rate through the annuluses 65 is greater than the flow rate through the apertures 63 (due to the greater flow resistance of the apertures 63) the initlal mass flow rate of the liquid carrier will be greater through the annuluses 65 will be greater than the initial mass flow rate through the apertures 63.
It will be recognized that no liquid carrier will flow through the protuberances 59, because the protuberances 59 are impervious to the liquid carrier. However, depending upon the elevation of the distal ends 53b of the protuberances 59 and the W O 93/00474 PC~r/US92/05139 2110186 length of the cellulos1c flbers, celluloslc flbers may be deposited on the d~stal ends 53b of the protuberances 59.
As used herein, the ~tnlt1al mass flow rate~ refers to the flow rate of the llquld carrier when it is flrst lntroduced to and deposited upon the formlng belt 42. Of course it wlll be recognlzed that both flow rate zones will decrease ln mass flow rate as a functlon of tlme as the apertures 63 or annuluses 65 which define the zones become obturated with celluloslc flbers suspended in the liquid carrier and retained by the formlng belt 42. The difference in flow resistance between the apertures 63 and the annuluses 65 provide a means for retaining different basis weights of cellulosic fibers in a pattern in the different zones of the forming belt 42.
This difference in flow rate through the zones ls referred to as ~staged draining,~ in recognition that a step discontinuity exists between the initial flow rate of the liquid carrier through the high and low flow rate zones. Staged draining can be advantageously used, as described above, to deposit different amounts of fibers ln a tessellat1ng pattern in the cellulosic fibrous structure 20.
More partlcularly, the high basis weight regions 24 will occur ln a nonrandom repeatlng pattern substantially corresponding to the high flow rate zones (the annuluses 65) of the forming belt 42 and to the high flow rate stage of the process used to manufacture the celluloslc flbrous structure 20. The intermediate basis weight regions 26 will occur in a nonrandom repeating pattern substantially corresponding to the low flow rate zones (the apertures 63) of the forming belt 42 and to the low flow rate stage of the process used to manufacture the cellulosic fibrous structure 20. The low basis weight regions 28 will occur in a nonrandom repeating pattern corresponding to the protuberances 59 of the forming belt 42 and to neither the high flow rate stage nor to the low flow rate stage of the process used to manufacture the cellulosic fibrous structure 20.
The flow resistance of the entire forming belt 42 can be easily measured according to techniques well-known to one skilled in the art. However, measuring the flow resistance of the high WO 93/00474 PCI'/US92/05139 26 ~IIOI86 and low flow rate zones, and the differences in flow reslstance therebetween is more difficult due to the small size of the high and low flow rate zones. However, flow resistance may be inferred from the hydraulic radius of the zone under consideration.
Generally flow resistance ls inversely proport10nal to the hydraulic radius.
The hydraulic radius of a zone is defined as the area of the zone divided by the wetted perimeter of the zone. The denominator frequently includes a constant, such as 4. However, since, for this purpose, it is only important to examine differences between the hydraulic radii of the zones, the constant may elther be included or omitted as desired. Algebraically this may be expressed as:

Hydraulic Radius ~ Flow Area k x wetted Perimeter wherein the flow area is the area through the orifice 63 of the protuberance 59, or the flow area between unit cells, i.e. the smallest repeating pattern of annuluses formed by adjacent protuberances 59, as more fully defined below and the wetted perimeter is the linear dimension of the perimeter of the zone in contact with the liquid carrier. The flow area does not take lnto consideration any restrictions imposed by the reinforcing structure 57 underneath the protuberances 59. The hydraulic radii of several common shapes are well-known and can be found in many references such as Mark's Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, eighth edition, which reference ls incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of showing the hydraulic radius of several common shapes and a teaching of how to find the hydraulic radius of irregular shapes.
For the forming belts, illustrated in Figure 4, the two zones of interest are defined as follows. The hlgh flow rate zones comprise the annular perimeter circumscribing a protuberance 59.
The extent of the annular perimeter in the XY direction for a given protuberance 59 is one-half of the rad~al distance from the protuberance 59 to the adjacent protuberance 59. Thus, the region W O 93/00474 27 PC~r/US92/05139 211018~
69 between adjacent protuberances S9 will have a border, centered therein, whlch is coterminous the annular perimeter of the ad~acent protuberances 59 defining such annulus 65 between the adjacent protuberances 59.
Furthermore, because the protuberances S9 extend in the Z-direction to an elevation above that of the balance of the reinforcing structure 57, fewer fibers will be deposited in the regions superjacent the protuberances 59, because the fibers deposited on the portions of the relnforcing structure 57 corresponding to the apertures 63 and annuluses 65 between adjacent protuberances must build up to the elevation of the free ends 53b of the protuberances 59, before additional fibers will remain on top of the protuberances 59 without being drained into either the orifice 63 or annulus 65 between ad~acent protuberances 59.
One nonlimiting example of a forming belt 42 which has been found to work well ~n accordance with the present lnvention has a 52 dual mesh weave reinforcing structure 57. The reinforcing structure 57 is made of filaments having a warp diameter of about 0.15 milllmeters (0.006 inches) a shute diameter of about 0.18 millimeters (0.007 inches) with about 45-50 percent open area.
The reinforcing structure 57 can pass approximately 36,300 standard liters per minute (1,280 standard cubic feet per minute) air flow at a differential pressure of about 12.7 millimeters (0.5 inches) of water. ~he thickness of the re1nforcing structure 57 is about 0.76 millimeters (0.03 inches), taking into account the knuckles formed by the woven pattern between the two faces 53 and SS of the forming belt 42.
Joined to the reinforcing structure 57 of the forming belt 42 is a plurality of bilaterally staggered protuberances 59. Each protuberance 59 is spaced from the adjacent protuberance on a machine direction pitch of about l9.9 millimeters (0.785 inches) and a cross machine direction pitch of aboutlO.8 millimeters (0.425 inches). The protuberances 59 are provided at a density of about 47 protuberances 59 per square centimeter (300 protuberances S9 per square inch).

WO 93/0047, PCI/US92/05139 Each protuberance 59 has a width in the cross machlne direction between opposlng corners of about 9.1 mlllimeters (0.357 inches) and a length 1n the machine direction between opposing corners of about 13.6 millimeters (0.537 inches). ~he protuberances 59 extend in about 0.8 millimeters (0.003 inches) in the Z-direction from the prGximal elevation 53a of the outwardly oriented face 53 of the reinforcing structure 57 to the free end 53b of the protuberance S9.
Each protuberance 59 has an orifice 63 centered therein and extending from the free end 53b of the protuberance to the proximal elevation 53a of the protuberance so that the free end 53b of the protuberance is in liquid communication with the reinforcing structure 57. Each orifice 63 centered in the protuberance 59 is generally elliptically shaped and has a ma~or axis of about S.9 millimeters (0.239 inches) and a minor axis of about 4.1 millimeters (0.160 inches). The orifice 63 comprises about 29 percent of the surface area of the protuberance S9. ~ith the protuberances 59 adjoined to the reinforcing structure 57, the forming belt 42 has an air permeability of about 490 standard liters per minute (13,900 standard cubic feet per minute) and air flow at a differential pressure at about 12.7 millimeters (0.5 inches) of water.
The aforementioned formtng belt 42 produces the fibrous structure 20 illustrated in Figure 1. It is to be recognized however the foregoing example is nonlimiting and many var1ations in the reinforcing structure, protuberances 59, apertures 63 therethrough, and/or annuluses 65 between ad~acent protuberances S9 are feasible and within the scope of the claimed invention.
As illustrated in Figure 2, the apparatus further comprises a means 44 for depositing the liquid carrier and entrained cellulosic fibers onto its forming belt 42, and more particularly onto the face 53 of the forming belt 42 having the discrete upstanding protuberances 59, so that the reinforcing structure 57 and the protuberances 59 are completely covered by the fibrous slurry. A headbox 44, as is well known in the art, may be advantageously used for this purpose. ~hile several types of headboxes 44 are known in the art, one headbox 44 which has been W o 93/00474 P ~ /US92/05139 found to work well is a convent10nal Fourdrin1er headbox 44 which generally cont1nuously applies and depos1ts the f1brous slurry onto the outwardly oriented face 53 of the forming belt 42.
The means 44 for deposit1ng the f1brous slurry and the forming belt 42 are moved relative to one another, so that a generally consistent quantity of the liqu1d carrler and entra1ned cellulosic fibers may be deposited on the forming belt 42 in a cont1nuous process. Alternat1vely, the liquid carr1er and entrained cellulosic fibers may be deposited on the form1ng belt 42 in a batch process. Preferably, the means 44 for depositing the fibrous slurry onto the pervious forming belt 42 can be regulated, so that as the rate of different1al movement between the forming belt 42 and the depositing means 44 1ncreases or decreases, larger or smaller quantities of the 11quid carr1er and entrained cellulosic fibers may be depos1ted onto the forming belt 42 per unit of time, respectively.
Also, a means 50a and/or 50b for drying the f1brous slurry from the embryon~c fibrous structure 20 of f1bers to form a two-dimensional fibrous structure 20 having a consistency of at least about 90 percent may be provided. Any convenient drying means 50a and/or 50b well known in the papermaking art can be used to dry the embryonic fibrous structure 20 of the ftbrous slurry.
For example, press felts, thermal hoods, infra-red radiat10n, blow-through dryers 50a, and Yankee drying drums 50b, each used alone or in combination, are satisfactory and well known in the art. A particularly preferred drying method utilizes a blow-through dryer 50a, and a Yankee drying drum 50b in sequence.
If des1red, an apparatus according to the present 1nvent10n may further comprise an emulsion roll 66, as shown in Figure 2.
The emulsion roll 66 distributes an effective amount of a chemical compound to either forming belt 42 or, 1f desired, to the secondary belt 46 during the process described above. The chemical compound may act as a release agent to prevent undesired adhesion of the fibrous structure 20 to either forming belt 42 or to the secondary belt 46. Further, the emulsion roll 66 may be used to deposit a chemical compound to treat the forming belt 42 or secondary belt 46 and thereby extend its useful life.

WO 93/00474 PCI'/US92/05139 Preferably, the emulsion is added to the outwardly oriented topographical faces 53 of the forming belt 42 when such forming belt 42 does not have the flbrous structure 20 ln contact therewith. Typically, this will occur after the fibrous structure 20 has been transferred from the forming belt 42, and the forming belt 42 is on the return path.
Preferred chemical compounds for emulsions include compositions containlng water, high speed turbine oil known as Regal Oil sold by the Texaco Oil Company of Houston, Texas under product number R~O 68 Code 702; dimethyl distearyl ammioniumchloride sold by the Sherex Chemical Company, Inc. of Rolling Meadows, Illinois as AOGEN TA100; cetyl alcohol manufactured by the Procter ~ Gamble Company of Cincinnatl, Ohio;
and an antioxidant such as is sold by American Cyanamid of ~ayne, New Jersey as Cyanox 1790. Also, if desired, cleaning showers or sprays (not shown) may be utilized to cleanse the formlng belt 42 of fibers and other residues remaining after the fibrous structure 20 is transferred from the forming belt ~2.
An optional, but highly preferred step in providing a cellulosic fibrous structure 20 according to the present invention is foreshortening the flbrous structure 20 after it is dried. As used herein, ~foreshortening~ refers to the step of reducing the length of the fibrous structure 20 by rearranging the fibers and disrupting fiber to fiber bonds. Foreshortening may be accomplished in any of several well known ways, the most common and preferred being creping.
The step of creping may be accomplished in conjunction with the step of drying, by utilizing the aforementioned Yankee drying drum 50b. In the creping operation, the cellulosic fibrous structure 20 is adhered to a surface, preferably the Yankee drying drum 50b and then removed from that surface with a doctor blade 68 by the relative movement between the doctor blade 68 and the surface to which the fibrous structure 20 is adhered. The doctor blade 68 is oriented with a component orthogonal the direction of relative movement between the surface and the doctor blade 68, and is preferably substantially orthogonal thereto.

211018~
Also, a means for applying a different1al pressure to selected portions of the fibrous structure 20 may be provided.
The differentlal pressure may cause denslficatlon or dedensif~cation of the reg~ons 24, 26 and 28. The dlfferentlal pressure may be applied to the flbrous structure 20 durlng any step in the process before too much of the llquld carrler ls drained away, and ls preferably applled while the flbrous structure 20 ls stlll an embryonlc fibrous structure 20. If too much of the liquld carrler ls drained away before the dlfferential pressure is applled, the fibers may be too stlff and not sufficiently conform to the topography of the patterned array of protuberances 59, thus yieldlng a flbrous structure 20 that does not have the described reglons of differing denslty.
If desired, the number of regions 24, 26 and 28 of the fibrous structure 20 may be further subdivlded according to density, by utlllzlng the means for applylng a dlfferentlal pressure to selected portlons of the flbrous structure 20. That is to say each reglon 24, 26 or 28 of a partlcular basls weight may be manipulated by the apparatus and process hereln descrlbed so that each such reglon 24, 26 or 28 of a particular basls welght will have more than one density.
For example, if it ls deslred to increase the flber to fiber bonding, and thus enhance the tensile strength of the fibrous structure 20, it is feasible to lncrease the denslty of selected sites of the essentlally continuous network hlgh basls welght region 24. Thls may be done by transferring the cellulosic fibrous structure 20 from the formlng belt 42 to a secondary belt 46 having projections whlch are not colncldent the dlscrete protuberances 59 of the forming belt 42. During (or after) the transfer the projectlons of the secondary belt 46 compress selected sites of regions 24, 26, and 28 of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20 causing denslflcation of such sites to occur.
Of course, a greater degree of densification will be lmparted to the sites in the hlgh basls weight regions 24, than to the sites of the intermediate basls weight regions 26 or the low basis welght regions 28 due to the greater number of flbers present ln the high basis weight regions 24. Thus, by selectively WO 93/00474 PCr/US92/05139 incorporatlng the proper degree of denslflcatlon to the cellulosic fibrous structure 20, one may lmpart denslflcatlon only to the selected sites ln the hlgh basis welght regions, impart densification to the selected sites ln the hlgh and 1ntermediate basis weight regions or, impart densiflcation to the selected sites in the high, intermed~ate and low basis weight regions 24, 26, and 28.
Therefore, by using selective densification, it is possible to make a structure having four regions: a high basis weight region 24 having a particular density, a high basis weight region 24 having a relatively greater density than the balance of the high basis weight region 24, an intermediate basis welght region 26, and a low basis weight region 28. Alternatively, it is possible to make a fibrous structure 20 having five regions: a high basis weight region 24 of a first density, and a high basis weight region 24 having a relatively greater density, an intermediate basis weight region 26 having a flrst density, an intermediate basis weight region 26 hav~ng a relatively greater density, and a low basis weight region 28. Finally, of course, it is possible to make a cellulosic fibrous structure 20 having six regions: a high basis weight region 24 having a flrst density, a high basis weight region 24 having a flrst density, a high basis weight region 24 having a relatively greater density, an intermediate basis weight region 26 having a first density, an intermediate basis weight region 26 having a relatively greater density, a low basis weight region 28 having a first density, and a low basis weight region 28 having a relatively greater density.
~ hen selected sites are compressed by the pro~ections of the secondary belt 46, such sites are densified and incur greater fiber to fiber bonding. Such densification increases the tensile strength of such sites and increases the tensile strength of the entire cellulosic fibrous structure 20.
Alternatively, the selected sites of the various regions 24, 26 or 28 may be dedensified, increasing the caliper and absorbency of such sites. Dedensification may occur by transferring the cellulosic fibrous structure 20 from the fonming belt 42 to a secondary belt 46 having vacuum pervious regions 63 not coincident with the protuberances 59 or the various regions 24, 26 and 28 of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20. After transfer of the cellulosic fibrous structure to the secondary belt 46, a differential fluid pressure, either positive or subatmospheric, is applied to the vacuum pervious regions 63 of the secondary belt 46. The differential fluid pressure causes deflection of the fibers of each site which is coincident the vacuum pervlous regions 63 in a plain normal to the secondary belt 46. By deflecting the fibers of the sites sub~ected to the differential fluid pressure, the fibers move away from the plane of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20 and increase the caliper thereof.
A preferred apparatus to apply a differential fluid pressure to the sites of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20 coincident the vacuum pervious regions 63 of the secondary belt 46 is a vacuum box 47 which applies a subatmospheric differential fluid pressure to the face of the secondary belt 46 which is not in contact with the cellulosic fibrous structure 20.

THE PROCESS
The cellulosic fibrous structure 20 according to the present invention may be made according to the process comprising the steps of providing a plurality of cellulosic fibers entrained in a liquid carrier. The cellulosic fibers are not dissolved in the liquid carrier, but merely suspended therein. Also provided is a liquid pervious fiber retentive forming element, such as a forming belt 42 and a means 44 for depositing the liquid carrier and entrained cellulosic fibers onto the forming belt 42.
The forming belt 42 has hlgh flow rate and low flow rate liquid pervious zones respectively defined by annuluses 65 and apertures 63. The forming belt also has upstanding protuberances 59.
The liquid carrier and entrained cellulosic fibers are deposited onto the forming belt 42 as illustrated in Figure 2.
The liquid carrier is drained through the forming belt 42 in two simultaneous stages, a high flow rate stage and a low flow rate stage. In the high flow rate stage, the liquid carrier drains through the liquid pervious high flow rate zones at a given W 0 93/00474 P ~ /US92/051~9 initlal flow rate until obturation occurs (or the llquid carrler is no longer introduced to this portion of the formlng belt 42).
In the low flow rate stage, the liquid carrier drains through low flow rate zones of the forming belt at a given in~tlal flow rate which is less than the initial flow rate through the hlgh flow rate zones.
Of course the flow rate through both the high and low flow rate zones in the forming belt 42 decreases as a funct10n of time, due to expected obturation of both zones. ~ithout being bound by any theory, the low flow rate zones may selectively obturate before the high flow rate zones obturate.
The first occurring zone obturation may be due to the lesser hydraulic radius and greater flow resistance of such zones, based upon factors such as the flow area, wetted perimeter, shape and distribution of the low flow rate zones. The low flow rate zones may, for example, comprise apertures 63 through the protuberances 59, which apertures 63 have a greater flow resistance than the liquid pervious annuluses 65 between adjacent protuberances 59.

ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Opacity To quantify relative differences in opaclty, a Nikon stereomicroscope, model SMZ-2T sold by the Nikon Company, of New York, New York may be used in conjunction with a C-mounted Dage MTI model NC-70 video camera. The image from the microscope may be stereoscopically viewed through the oculars or viewed ln two dimensions on a computer monitor. The analog image data from the camera attached to the microscope may be digitized by a video card made by Data Translation of Marlboro, Massachusetts and analyzed on a MacIntosh IIx computer made by the Apple Computer Co. of Cupertino, California. Suitable software for the digitization and analysis is IMAGE, version 1.3l, available from the National Institute of Health, in Washington, D.C.
The sample is viewed through the oculars, using stereoscopic capabilities of the microscope to determine areas of the sample wherein the fibers are substantially within the plane of the sample and other areas of the sample which have fibers deflected normal to the plane of the sample. It may be expected that the areas having fibers deflected normal to the plane of the sample will be of lower denslty than the areas havlng fibers which lle princlpally wtthin the plane of the sample. Two areas, one representative of each of the aforementioned fiber distributions, should be selected for further analysis.
For the user's convenience in identifying the areas of the sample of interest, a hand held opaque mask, having a transparent window slightly larger than the area to be analyzed, may be used.
The sample is disposed with an area of interest centered on the microscope stage. The mask is placed over the sample so that the transparent window is centered and captures the area to be analyzed. This area and the window are then centered on the monitor. The mask should be removed so that any translucent qualities of the window do not offset the analysis.
~ hile the sample ~s on the microscope stage, the backlighting is adjusted so that relatiYely fine fibers become visible. The threshold gray levels are determined and set to co1ncide with the smaller sized capillaries. A total of 256 gray levels, as described above, has been found to work well, with O representing a totally white appearance, and 255 represent1ng a totally black appearance. For the samples described hereln, threshold gray levels of approximately O to 125 have been found to work well in the detection of the capillaries.
The entire selected area is now bicolored, having a first color represent the detected capillaries as discrete particles and the presence of undetected fibers represented by gray level shading. This entire selected area is cut and pasted from the surrounding portion of the sample, using either the mouse or the perfect square pattern found in the software. ~he number of thresholded gray level particles, representing the projection of capillaries which penetrate through the thickness of the sample, and the average of their sizes (in units of area) may be easily tabulated using the software. The units of the particle size will either be in pixels or, if desired, may be micrometer calibrated to determine the actual surface area of the individual capillaries.

WO 93/00474 PC~r/US92/0~139 This procedure is repeated for the second area of 1nterest.
The second area is centered on the monltor, then cut and pasted from the balance of the sample, uslng the hand-held mask as deslred. Agaln, the thresholded partlcles, representlng the pro~ectlon of capillaries which penetrate through the thlckness of the sample, are counted and the average of their sizes tabulated.
Any dlfference in the opac1ty between the reg10ns 24, 26 and 28 under consideration 1s now quant1fied. As disclosed above, 1t is expected that the reg10ns 24 of hlgh basls welght regions 24 wlll have greater opaclty than the lntermediate basis welght regions 26 which w111 have greater opac1ty than the low basls weight regions 28.

Basls ~e19ht The basls we1ght of a celluloslc flbrous structure 20 accordlng to the present lnventlon may be qualltatlvely measured by optlcally vlewlng (under magnlflcatlon lf deslred) the fibrous structure 20 ln a directlon generally normal to the plane of the flbrous structure 20. If differences in the amount of f1bers, partlcularly the amount observed from any llne normal to the plane, occur ln a nonrandom, regular repeatlng pattern, lt can generally be determined that basis welght dlfferences occur 1n a llke fashlon.
Partlcularly the ~udgment as to the amount of flbers stacked on top of other fibers ls relevant ln determln1ng the bas1s weight of any partlcular reg10n 24, 26 or 28 or d1fferences in basls weights between any two regions 24, 26 or 28. Generally, differences ln basls welghts among the varlous reglons 24, 26 or 28 will be lndlcated by inversely proportlonal dlfferences ln the amount of light transmitted through such regions 24, 26 or 28.
If a more accurate determination of the bas1s weight of one region 24, 26 or 28 relative to a different reg10n 24, 26, or 28, is des1red, such magnitude of relative d1stinctions may be quantifled using multlple exposure soft X-rays to make a radiographic image of the sample, and subsequent image analysls.
Using the soft X-ray and image analysis techniques, a set of standards having known basis weights are compared to a sample of W O 93/00474 PC~r/US92/OS139 the fibrous structure 20. ~he anatysis uses three masks: one to show the discrete low bas~s welght regions 28, one to show the continuous network of high basls weight regions 24, and one to show the transition regions. Reference will be made to memory channels in the following description. However, it is to be understood while these particular memory channels relate to a specific example, the following description of basis weight determination is not so limlted.
In the comparison, the standards and the sample are simultaneously soft X-rayed in order to ascerta1n and calibrate the gray level image of the sample. ~he soft X-ray ls taken of the sample and the intenslty of the image is recorded on the film in proportion to the amount of mass, representative of the fibers in the fibrous structure 20, 1n the path of the X-rays.
If desired, the soft X-ray may be carried out ustng a Hewlett Packard Faxitron X-ray unit supplied by the Hewlett Packard Company, of Palo Alto, California. X-ray film sold as NDT 35 by the E.I. DuPont Nemours ~ Co. of ~ilmington, Delaware and JOBO
film processor rotary tube unlts may be used to advantageously develop the image of the sample described here1nbelow.
Due to expected and ordinary variations between different X-ray units, the operator must set the optimum exposure conditions for each X-ray untt. As used here1n, the Faxitron unit has an X-ray source slze of about 0.5 millimeters, a 0.64 millimeters thick Beryllium window and a three mllliamp continuous current.
The film to source distance ls about 61 centimeters and the voltage about 8 k~p. The only variable parameter is the exposure time, which is ad~usted so that the digitized image would yield a maximum contrast when histogrammed as described below.
~ he sample is die cut to dimensions of about 2.5 by about 7.5 centimeters (l by 3 inches). If desired, the sample may be marked with indicia to allow precise determination of the locations of regions 24, 26 and 28 hav~ng distinguishable basis weights.
Suitable indicia may be incorporated into the sample by die cutting three holes out of the sample with a small punch. For the embodiments described herein, a punch about l.O millimeters (0.039 WO 93/00474 P~/US92/05139 inches) in dlameter has been found to work well. The holes may be colinear or arranged in a tr1angular pattern.
These indicia may be utllized, as described below, to match regions 24, 26 and 28 of a particular bas1s we~ght with reglons 24, 26 and 28 distinguished by other intensive properties, such as thickness and/or density. After the indicia are placed on the sample, it is weighed on an analytical balance, accurate to four significant figures.
The DuPont NDT 35 film is placed onto the Faxltron X-ray unit, emulsion side facing upwards, and the cut sample is placed onto the film. About five 15 millimeter x 15 milllmeter calibration standards of known basis welghts (which approximate and bound the basis weight of the various regions 24, 26, and 28 of the sample) and known areas are also placed onto the X-ray unit at the same time, so that an accurate basis weight to gray level calibration can be obtained each time the image of the sample is exposed and developed. Helium is introduced into the Faxitron for about 5 minutes at a regulator setting of about one psi, so that the alr is purged and, consequently, absorption of X-rays by the air is minimized. The exposure time of the unit is set for about 2 minutes.
Following the helium purging of the sample chamber, the sample is e%posed to the soft X-rays. ~hen exposure ls completed, the film is transferred to a safe box for developlng under the standard conditions recommended by E.I. DuPont Nemours ~ Co., to form a completed radiographic image.
The preceding steps are repeated for exposure time periods of about 2.2, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 minutes. The film image made by each exposure time is then digitized by using a high resolution radioscope Line Scanner, made by Vision Ten of Torrence, California, in the 8 bit mode. Images may be digitlzed at a spatial resolution of 1024 x 1024 discrete points representing 8.9 x 8.9 centimeters of the radiograph. Suitable software for this purpose includes Radiographic Imaging Transmission and Archive (RITA) made by Vision Ten. The images are then histogrammed to record the frequency of occurrence of each gray level value. The standard deviation is recorded for each exposure time.

The exposure time yielding the max1mum standard deviatlon 1s used throughout the following steps. If the exposure times do not yield a maximum standard deviation, the range of exposure tlmes should be expanded beyond that illustrated above. The standard dev~ations associated with the images of expanded exposure times should be recalculated. These steps are repeated untll a clearly maximum standard deviation becomes apparent. The maximum standard deviation is utllized to maximize the contrast obtained by the scatter in the data. for the samples illustrated in Flgures 8-14, an exposure time of about 2.5 to about 3.0 minutes was judged optimum.
The optlmum radiograph is re-digitized in the 12 bit mode, using the high resolution Line Scanner to display the image on a 1024 x 1024 monltor at a one to one aspect rat10 and the Radiographic Imaging Transmlsslon and Archive software by Vision Ten to store, measure and display the tmages. The scanner lens 1s set to a field of view of about 8.9 centimeters per 1024 pixels.
The film is now scanned in the 12 blt mode, averaging both linear and high to low lookup tables to convert the image back to the eight bit mode.
~ his image is displayed on the 1024 x 1024 line monitor. The gray level values are examined to determine any gradients across the exposed areas of the radiograph not blocked by the sample or the calibration standards. The radiograph is ~udged to be acceptable if any one of the following three criteria is met:
the film background contains no gradients in gray level values from side to side;
the film background contains no gradients in gray level values from top to bottom; or a gradient is present in only one direction, i.e. a difference in gray values from one side to the other side at the top of the radiograph is matched by the same difference in gradient at the bottom of the radiograph.
One possible shortcut method to determine whether or not the third condition may be met is to examine the gray level values of the pixels located at the four corners of the rad10graph, which covers are adjacent the sample image.

W O 93/00474 P ~ /US92/05139 21101~6 The remaining steps may be performed on a Gould Model IP9545 Image Processor, made by Gould, Inc., of Fremont, California and hosted by a Dlgltlzed Equlpment Corporatlon ~AX 8350 computer, uslng Llbrary of Image Processor Software (LIPS) software.
A portion of the fllm background representatlve of the criterta set forth above ls selected by utllizing an algor~thm to select areas of the sample whlch are of 1nterest. These areas are enlarged to a slze of 1024 X 1024 pixels to slmulate the film background. A gaussian fllter (matrlx slze 29 x 29) ls applled to smooth the resultlng lmage. Thls lmage, deflned as not contalnlng either the sample or standards, ls then saved as the film background.
This film background is dlgitally subtracted from the subimage containing the sample 1mage on the film background to yleld a new lmage. The algorlthm for the digltal subtraction dictates that gray level values between 0 and 128 should be set to a value of zero, and gray level values between 129 and 255 should be remapped from l to 127 (uslng the formula x-128). Remapping corrects for negative results that occur 1n the subtracted lmage.
The values for the maximum, mlnlmum, standard devlation, median, mean, and plxel area of each lmage area are recorded.
The new tmage, containlng only the sample and the standards, is saved for future reference. The algorlthm is then used to select1vely set lndlvldually defined image areas for each of the image areas containlng the sample standards. For each standard, the gray level hlstogram ls measured. These lndlvldually defined areas are then hlstogrammed.
The hlstogram data from the preceding step ls then utilized to develop a regression equation describing the mass to gray level relationship and whlch computes the coefficients for the mass per gray value equation. The independent variable is the mean gray level. The dependent variable is the mass per pixel in each calibratlon standard. Since a gray level value of zero is defined to have zero mass, the regression equation is forced to have a y intercept of zero. The equation may utilize any common spreadsheet program and be run on a common desktop personal computer.

21101~6 The algorithm is then used to define the area of the ~mage conta1ning only the sample. This image, shown in memory channel l, is saved for further reference, and is also classified as to the number of occurrences of each gray level. The regress10n equation is then used in con~unction with the classified image data to determine the total calculated mass. ~he form of the regression equation is:
Y - A x X x N
wherein Y equals the mass for each gray level bin; A equals the coefficient from the regression analysis; X equals the gray level (range 0 - 255); and N equals the number of pixels ln each bin (determined from class1fied image). The summation of all of the Y
values yields the total calculated mass. For precision, this value is then compared to the actual sample mass, determined by weighing.
The calibrated image of memory channel l is displayed onto the monitor and the algorithm is utilized to analyze a 256 x 256 pixel area of the image. This area is then magnified equally in each direction six times. All of the following images are formed from this resultant image.
If desired, an area of the resultant image, shown in memory channel 6, containing about ten nonrandom, repeating patterns of the various regions 24, 26, and 28 may be selected for segmentation of the various regions 24, 26 or 28. The resultant image shown in memory channel 6 is saved for future reference.
Using a digitizing tablet equipped with a light pen, an interactive graphics masking routtne may be used to define transition regions between the high basis weight regions 24 and the low basis weight regions 28. The operator should subjectively and manually circumscribe the discrete regions 26 with the light pen at the midpoint between the discrete regions 26 and the continuous regions 24 and 28 and fill in these regions 26. The operator should ensure a closed loop is formed about each circumscribed discrete region 26. This step creates a border around and between any discrete regions 26 which can be differentiated according to the gray level intensity variations.

W O 93/00474 PC~r/US92/05139 The graph1cs mask generated ln the preceding step is then copied through a bit plane to set all masked values (such as in region 26) to a value of zero, and all unmasked values (such as in regions 24 and 28) to a value of 128. This mask is saved for future reference. This mask, covering the discrete regions 26, is then outwardly dilated four pixels around the circumference of each masked region 26.
The aforementioned magnified image of memory channel 6 ls then copied through the dilated mask. This produces an image shown in memory channel 4, having only the continuous network of eroded high basis weight regions 24. The image of memory channel 4 is saved for future reference and classified as to the number of occurrences of each gray level value.
The original mask is copied through a lookup table that reramps gray values from O - 128 to 128 - O. This reramping has the effect of inverting the mask. Thls mask ls then inwardly dilated four pixels around the border drawn by the operator. This has the effect of eroding the discrete regions 26.
The magnified image of memory channel 6 is copied through the second dilated mask, to yield the eroded low basis weight regions 28. The resulting image, shown in memory channel 3, is then saved for future reference and classified as to the number of occurrences of each gray level.
In order to obtain the pixel values of the transition regions, the two four pixel wide regions dilated 1nto both the high and low basis weight regions 28, one should combine the two eroded images made from the dilated masks an shown in memory channels 3 and 5. This is accomplished by first loading one of the eroded images into one memory channel and the other eroded image into another memory channel.
The image of memory channel 2 is copied onto the image of memory channel 4, using the image of memory channel 2 as a mask.
Because the second image of memory channel 4 was used as the mask channel, only the non-zero pixels will be copied onto the image of memory channel 4. This procedure produces an image containing the eroded high basis weight regions 24, the eroded low basis weight regions 28, but not the nine pixel wide transition regions (four WO 93/00474 PCI'/US92/05139 pixels from each d11ation and one from the operator's circumscription of the reglons 26). ~his ~mage, shown in memory channel 2, without the transit10n regions is saved for future reference.
Since the pixel values for the transltion regions ~n the transition reg~on image of memory channel 2 all have a value of zero and one knows the image cannot contain a gray level value greater than 127, (from the subtraction algorithm), all zero values are set to a value of 255. All of the non-zero values from the eroded high and low basis weight regions 28, in the lmage of memory channel 2 are set to a value of zero. Thls produces an image which is saved for future reference.
To obta~n the gray level values of the transit~on regions, the image of memory channel 6 is copied through the image of memory channel 5 to obtain only the nine pixel wide transition regions. This image, shown tn memory channel 3, is saved for future reference and also classified as to the number of occurrences per gray level.
So that relative differences in basis weight for the low basis we~ght regions 28, high basis weight regions 24, and transition region can be measured, the data from each of the classified images above and shown in memory channels 3, 5 and 4 respectively are then employed with the regression equat10n derived from the sample standards. The total mass of any region 24, 26, or 28 ls determined by the summation of mass per grey level bin from the lmage histogram. The basis weight is calculated by dividlng the mass values by the pixel area, considering any magnification.
The classified image data (frequency) for each region of memory channels 3 - 5 and 7 may be displayed as a histogram and plotted against the mass (gray level), with the ordinate as the frequency dlstrtbution. If the resulting curve is monomodal the selection of areas and the subjective drawing of the mask were likely accurately performed. The images may also be pseudo-colored so that each color corresponds to a narrow range of basis weights with the following table as the possible template for color mapping.

The lmage resulting from this proceed1ng step ls then pseudo-colored, based upon the range of gray levels. ~he following list of gray levels has been found suitable for uncreped samples of cellulosic flbrous structures 20:

Gray Level Range Color o Black 1-5 Dark blue 6-10 Light blue I1 15 Green 16-20 Yellow 21-25 Red 26+ White Creped samples typically have a higher basis welght than otherwise similar uncreped samples. The following 11st was found suitable for use with creped samples of cellulosic fibrous structures 20:

Gray Level Range Color 0 Black 1-7 Dark blue 8-14 Light blue 15-21 Green 22-28 Yello~
29-36 Red 36+ White The resulting image may be dumped to a printer/plotter. If desired, a cursor line may be drawn across any of the aforementioned images, and a profile of the gray levels developed.
If the profile provides a qual;tatively repeating pattern, this is further indication that a nonrandom, repeating pattern of basis weights is present in the sample of the fibrous structure 20.
If desired, basis weight differences 0ay be determined by using an electron beam source, ;n place of the aforementioned soft X-ray. If it is desired to use an electron beam for the basis weight imaging and determination, a sultable procedure ls set forth in European Patent Application 0,393,305 A2 published October 24, l990 in the names of Luner et al., whlch applicat1On is incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of showing a suitable method of determining dlfferences in basis weights of various regions 24, 26 and 28 of the flbrous structure 20.

VARIATIONS
Instead of the cellulosic fibrous structure 20 having discrete intermediate basis weight regions 26, it is prophetically probable that a cellulosic fibrous structure 20 having an essentially continuous network of intermediate basis weight regions 26 ~ay be formed. Such a cellulostc fibrous structure 20 may prophetically be made using a forming belt 42' having protuberances 59 spaced as illustrated in F~gure 5. In the forming belt 42' of Figure 5, selected protuberances 59 are clustered more closely together so that the liquid pervious annuluses 65' between ad~acent protuberances 59 have a lesser hydraulic radius, and hence exhiblt more resistance to allowing cellulosic fibers entrained in the liquid carrier to be depos1ted therein.
Such clusters 58 of selected protuberances 59 are spaced apart from other protuberances 59 which form a separate cluster 58. The liquid pervious annuluses 65'' between adjacent clusters 58 of protuberances 59 have a relattvely lesser flow resistance than the liquid pervious annuluses 65' between the more closely spaced protuberances 59. As described above, the clusters 58 of protuberances 59 of the forming belt 42' tesselate and form a nonrandom repeating pattern.
By providing differential spacing between adjacent protuberances 59, liquid pervious annuluses 65' and 65'' having flow resistances inversely proportional to the spacing between the clusters 58 may be acheived the forming belt 42. It is, of course, to be recognized that the basis weights of the regions 24, 26, or 28 of the fibrous structure 20 w~ll still be generally inversely proportional to the flow resistance of any given liquid pervious annulus 65' or 65 " .

WO 93/00474 P~/US92/05139 One expected difference between the f~brous structure 20 produced accord1ng the the forming belt 42' of F~gure 5 ln the fibrous structure 20 produced accordlng to the forming belt 42 of Figure 3, is that the f~bers of the intermed1ate basis weight region 26 of the flbrous structure 20 formed according to the forming belt 42', wlll be generally al~gned with the principal directions of the process of manufacture of the fibrous structure 20, rather than being radlally ortented with respect to the center of the intermediate basis weight regions 26 or with respect to the low basis weight regions 28.
The foregoing means for retaining cellulosic fibers in a pattern in the forming belts 42 and 42' may be combined, as prophetically illustrated in Figure 6. In Figure 6, a forming belt 42'' is shown having both adjacent protuberances 59 disposed in clusters so that discrete annuluses 65' and 65", between ad~acent protuberances 59 have different flow resistances.
Additionally, the protuberances 59 are provided with apertures 63' having a flow resistance generally equivalent that of the li~u1d pervious annuluses 65' or 65' ' between adjacent protuberances, or which may be different from the flow resistances l~quld pervious annuluses 65' or 65'' between ad~acent protuberances.
Compound variatlons are possible. For example, forming belts 42 (not illustrated) having protuberances 59 with orlfices 63 of one size in desired protuberances 59 and orifices 63 of a second size (and orifices 63 of yet a third slze) in other protuberances are possible. Yet another variation is to incorporate orifices 63 of different sizes into the same protuberance. For example, a diamond shaped protuberance 59 may have two small orifices 63 near the apicies of the diamond shape and a large orifice 63 centered in the diamond shape.
Furthermore, a forming belt 42 (not illustrated3 having a cluster of protuberances 59 with one space in between adjacent protuberances, a second spacing between adjacent clusters, and a third spacing between galaxies of adjacent clusters is also possible.
Of course, the compound protuberance 59 spacing variation may be combined with the compound orifice 63 size variation to yield w o 93/00474 2 1 1 0 1 8 6 PCT/US92/05139 yet further combtnat10ns. All such var~at10ns and permutatlons are w~th~n the scope of the ~nventlon, as set forth by the follow~ng cla~ms.

Claims (12)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A single lamina cellulosic fibrous structure comprising a plurality of regions disposed in a nonrandom, repeating pattern:
a first region, of a relatively high basis weight and comprising an essentially continuous network;
a second region of a relatively low or zero basis weight and being circumscribed by and adjacent said first region; and a third region of an intermediate basis weight relative to the basis weight of said first and said second regions, said third region being juxtaposed with said second region.
2. A cellulosic fibrous structure according to Claim 1 comprising at least four regions wherein said first region of a relatively high basis weight comprises two relatively high basis weight regions having mutually different densities, each said high basis weight region comprising an essentially continuous network.
3. A cellulosic fibrous structure according to Claim 2 comprising at least five regions wherein said first region of a relatively high basis weight comprises two relatively high basis weight regions having mutually different densities and said third region of an intermediate basis weight comprises two intermediate basis weight regions having mutually different densities.
4. A cellulosic fibrous structure according to Claim 3 comprising at least six regions wherein said first region of a relatively high basis weight comprises two relatively high basis weight regions having mutually different densities, said third region of an intermediate basis weight comprises two intermediate basis weight regions having mutually different densities and said second region of a low basis weight comprises two low basis weight regions having mutually different densities.
5. A cellulosic fibrous structure according to Claim 1 wherein said second region is substantially contiguous with said third region.
6. A cellulosic fibrous structure according to Claim 5 wherein said second region is substantially circumjacent said third region.
7. A cellulosic fibrous structure according to Claim 1 wherein a plurality of said fibers of said second region are generally radially oriented.
8. A single lamina cellulosic fibrous structure comprising a plurality of regions disposed in a nonrandom, repeating pattern:
a first essentially continuous load bearing network region;
a second discrete region having fewer fibers per unit area than said first region or having zero fibers per unit area; and a third region radially bridging said first network region to said second discrete region.
9. An apparatus in the forming section of a papermaking machine for forming a macroscopically planar cellulosic fibrous structure having regions of at least three mutually different basis weights disposed in a nonrandom repeating pattern, said apparatus comprising:

- a liquid pervious fiber retentive forming element having zones through which a liquid carrying the cellulosic fibers may drain; and - a means for retaining the cellulosic fibers on said forming element in a nonrandom repeating pattern of three regions having three different basis weights wherein said retaining means comprises zones of different hydraulic radii through which said liquid carrying said cellulosic fibers may drain to dispose said fibers in a relatively high basis weight region comprising an essentially continuous network;
a relatively low basis weight region being circumscribed by said high basis weight region; and a region of intermediate basis weight relative to the basis weights of said high basis weight region and said low basis weight regions, said intermediate basis weight region being circumscribed by said high basis weight region and being juxtaposed with said low basis weight region, the pattern of said regions corresponding to the zones of different hydraulic radii in said retaining means.
10. An apparatus according to Claim 9 wherein said selective retaining means comprises a foraminous, liquid pervious reinforcing structure and a patterned array of protuberances joined thereto at a proximal end of each protuberance and extending outwardly to a free end of each protuberance, a plurality of said protuberances having at least one fluid pervious orifice therethrough so that the portions of said reinforcing structure registered with said orifices are in fluid communication with said free ends of said protuberances, each said protuberance being circumscribed by a liquid pervious annulus, each said protuberance being spaced apart from an adjacent protuberance, said spacing being taken parallel to the plane of said reinforcing structure, to provide a hydraulic radius in the annulus between said protuberance and the adjacent protuberances which is greater than the hydraulic radius of said orifice through said protuberance.
11. An apparatus in the forming section of a papermaking machine for forming a macroscopically planar cellulosic fibrous structure having regions of at least three mutually different basis weights disposed in a nonrandom repeating pattern, said apparatus comprising:
- a liquid pervious fiber retentive forming element having zones through which a liquid carrying the cellulosic fibers may drain; and - a means for retaining the cellulosic fibers on said forming element in a nonrandom repeating pattern of three regions having three different basis weights wherein said retaining means comprises a foraminous, liquid pervious reinforcing structure and a patterned array of protuberances joined thereto at a proximal end of each protuberance and extending outwardly to a free end of each protuberance, said patterned array being arranged with first protuberances spaced from an adjacent second protuberance by a first distance taken parallel to the plane of the reinforcing structure, and said first protuberance being spaced from adjacent third protuberances by a second distance taken parallel to the plane of the reinforcing structure, whereby said first spaced distance and said second spaced distance are not equal to each other, each said protuberance being circumscribed by a liquid pervious annulus.
12. An apparatus according to Claim 11 wherein the hydraulic radius of the annulus between said first protuberances and second protuberances is less than the hydraulic radius of the annulus between said first protuberances and said third protuberances.
CA002110186A 1991-06-28 1992-06-17 Method and apparatus for making cellulosic fibrous structures by selectively obturated drainage and cellulosic fibrous structures produced thereby Expired - Lifetime CA2110186C (en)

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