Dinophysis Toxins: Distribution, Fate in Shellfish and ImpactsBeatriz Reguera, Juan C. Blanco Several species of Dinophysis produce one or two groups of lipophilic toxins: okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives; or the dinophysistoxins (DTXs) (also known as diarrhetic shellfish poisons or DSP toxins) and pectenotoxins (PTXs). DSP toxins are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases, causing gastrointestinal intoxication in consumers of contaminated seafood. Forty years after the identification of Dinophysis as the causative agent of DSP in Japan, contamination of filter feeding shellfish exposed to Dinophysis blooms is recognized as a problem worldwide. DSP events affect public health and cause considerable losses to the shellfish industry. Costly monitoring programs are implemented in regions with relevant shellfish production to prevent these socioeconomic impacts. Harvest closures are enforced whenever toxin levels exceed regulatory limits (RLs). Dinophysis species are kleptoplastidic dinoflagellates; they feed on ciliates (Mesodinium genus) that have previously acquired plastids from cryptophycean (genera Teleaulax, Plagioselmis, and Geminigera) nanoflagellates. The interactions of Dinophysis with different prey regulate their growth and toxin production. When Dinophysis cells are ingested by shellfish, their toxins are partially biotransformed and bioaccumulated, rendering the shellfish unsuitable for human consumption. DSP toxins may also affect shellfish metabolism. This book covers diverse aspects of the abovementioned topics—from the laboratory culture of Dinophysis and the kinetics of uptake, transformation, and depuration of DSP toxins in shellfish to Dinophysis population dynamics, the monitoring and regulation of DSP toxins, and their impact on the shellfish industry in some of the aquaculture regions that are traditionally most affected, namely, northeastern Japan, western Europe, southern Chile, and New Zealand. |
Common terms and phrases
abundance accessed accumulation acuta addition algal analysis areas associated authors Available Beach biotoxin bivalves blooms caused cells ciliate coast collected concentrations contamination CrossRef cryptophyte culture densities detected diarrhetic shellfish digestive gland dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata Dinophysis species Dinophysis spp distribution DSP toxins DTX1 effects environmental esters estimated expression extraction Figure Fjord Food genes growth Harmful Algae harvest higher increased indicated isolated levels lipophilic Loch Ewe marine mean Mesodinium method monitoring mussels Mytilus observed obtained occurred okadaic acid organic pectenotoxins period phase phytoplankton populations positive present prey production profiles PTX2 PubMed Reguera reported represent respectively response reticulatum rubrum salinity samples scallops seasonal shellfish poisoning shellfish toxins showed southern species subset summer Table temperature tissues toxic Toxicon toxins treatments values variability