Fathers And Sons

Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev was born in Orel in 1818 and was educated at the universities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1839 he went to study at the University of Berlin, where he acquired the Western values for which he was much criticized in Russia throughout his life. His relationship with the opera singer Pauline Viardot caused his tyrannical mother to cut off his funds, and he lived as a Bohemian until her death in 1850 made him a rich man. His first successful novel, A Sportsman's Sketches (1852), was a sympathetic picture of Russian peasants and a condemnation of serfdom; it was widely believed to have contributed to the Tsar's decision to emancipate the serfs, much as Uncle Tom's Cabin was said to influence the emancipation of the American slaves. In the following productive decade, Turgenev published Rudin (1856), A Nest of Gentlefolk (1858), On the Eve (1860), First Love (1860), and Fathers and Sons (1862)—all of which drew critics' applause. His liberal views were politically suspect, however, and he chose to live the rest of his life in France. His novels Smoke (1867) and Virgin Soil (1877) show the depth of his bitterness, but his last visit to Russia in 1880 marked a triumphant homecoming. He died in 1883, at Bougival, near Paris.

Jane Costlow is Professor of Russian at Bates College, where she holds the Christian A. Johnson Chair of Interdisciplinary Studies. She is the author of Worlds within Worlds: The Novels of Ivan Turgenev. She has also published on Russian women writers in the nineteenth century and on representations of gender and nature in classic Russian literature.