Sustainable Utilization of Metals: Processing, Recovery and RecyclingBernd Friedrich The high demand for advanced metallic materials raises the need for an extensive recycling of metals and such a sustainable use of raw materials. "Sustainable Utilization of Metals - Processing, Recovery and Recycling" comprises the latest scientific achievements in efficient production of metals and such addresses sustainable resource use as part of the circular economy strategy. This policy drives the present contributions, aiming on the recirculation of EoL-streams such as Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), multi-metal alloys or composite materials back into metal production. This needs a holistic approach, resulting in the maximal avoidance of waste. Considering both aspects, circular economy and material design, recovery and use of minor metals play an essential role, since their importance for technological applications often goes along with a lack of supply on the world market. Additionally, their ignoble character and low concentration in recycling materials cause an insufficient recycling rate of these metals, awarding them the status of “critical metals”. In order to minimize losses and energy consumption, this issue explores concepts for the optimization concerning the interface between mechanical and thermal pre-treatment and metallurgical processes. Such new approaches in material design, structural engineering and substitution are provided in the chapters. |
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according acid addition agent alloys aluminum amount analysis applications authors batteries bauxite residue Bayer process calculated cementation cerium chemical cobalt compared complete composition compounds concentration considered containing copper CrossRef decrease developed dissolved distribution dust effect efficiency electrolysis elements energy experiments extraction Figure filtration fluoride fraction Germany glass higher hydrometallurgical hydroxide impurities increased indium industrial ions iron leaching lead lifetime liquid liquor magnetic manganese mass material melting metals method mg/L nickel obtained oxide particles percentage performed phase polishing polishing waste possible powder precipitation present production pyrolysis rare earth ratio reaction recovered recovery recycling reduction REEs removal respectively sample scandium scrap selective separation shown shows silver slag solid solution solvent spent steel step stripping Table Technology temperature tests trace elements treatment waste zinc