T Cell Regulation by the EnvironmentAnne L. Astier, David A. Hafler Naïve T cells get activated upon encounter with their cognate antigen and differentiate into a specific subset of effector cells. These T cells are themselves plastic and are able to re-differentiate into another subset, changing both phenotype and function. Differentiation into a specific subset depends on the nature of the antigen and of the environmental milieu. Notably, certain nutrients, such as vitamins A and D, sodium chloride, have been shown to modulate T cell responses and influence T cell differentiation. Parasite infection can also skew Th differentiation. Similarly, the gut microbiota regulates the development of immune responses. Lastly, the key role of metabolism on T cells has also been demonstrated. This series of articles highlights some of the multiple links existing between environmental factors and T cell responses. |
Contents
T cell regulation by the environment | 4 |
Diverse mechanisms regulate the surface expression of immunotherapeutic target CTLA4 | 6 |
Environmental and metabolic sensors that control T cell biology | 16 |
mTOR links environmental signals to T cell fate decisions | 24 |
The role of fatty acid oxidation in the metabolic reprograming of activated Tcells | 35 |
Glucose metabolism regulates T cell activation differentiation and functions | 42 |
cytokines metabolites and the microbiome | 48 |
Vitamin D actions on CD4+ T cells in autoimmune disease | 62 |
complex role of T follicular helper cells and regulatory T cells in pathogenesis | 84 |
a potential mechanism for helminthmediated immune modulation | 98 |
Human and mouse CD8+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells at steady state and during interleukin2 therapy | 106 |