Bismarck's InstitutionsThe decline in birth rates in advanced economies is not a new phenomenon. Between 1880 and 1900 birth rates dropped from 5.5 children per woman to 2.5 children per woman. A further decline from 2.5 to 1.5 or even 1.3 children took much longer - about 80 years. One of the most apparent causes apart from access to contraceptives or an increasing level of education is, however, widely ignored. In this book, Beatrice Scheubel analyses the effects of the first comprehensive system of social security, which was introduced between 1883 and 1891 in Germany. She shows the link between social security and the demographic transition and above all raises the awareness for the link between social security and fertility from a longer-term perspective, which is a prerequisite for dealing with the effects of demographic change. |
Common terms and phrases
aggregation Annual Yearbook Area average baby boomers Baden Baden-Württemberg Bayern birth rate Bismarckian Brandenburg Braunschweig census chapter CMBR column contributions correlation covariates DD coefficient demographic transition difference-in-differences differences disability pension approval East Prussian provinces Elsaß-Lothringen female labour force fertility decline fertility rate Figure go system Hannover Hessen Hessen-Nassau Imperial Germany income industrialisation introduction of pension Knodel Königreich Sachsen labour force participation large Slav minority level variables marriages number of children number of dependants observe occupational census old age pension Oldenburg opportunity cost Ostpreußen pension applications pension approval rates pension claims pension insurance pension level pension system variables pension variables Pfalz policy change Pommern population Posen Regional Insurance Agencies Reichstages revenues in category Rheinland Sachsen-Anhalt Schlesien Schleswig-Holstein share of insured social insurance social security Spatial lag statutory pension Stillbirths Table total number treatment wage Westfalen women workers Württemberg X X X Yearbook of Statistics YES YES YES