Against Method

accepted admit anarchism appear archaic argument Aristotelian Aristotle assertion assumption astronomy attitude Chapter classical mechanics classical physics common sense concepts connected contains contradiction Copernican Copernicus cosmology counterinductive critical described detailed discovered discovery discussion domain earth Einstein elements empirical empiricism examination example exist experience explained facts footnote Galileo human hypotheses ibid ideas ideology Iliad important Imre Lakatos incommensurability J.L. Austin judgement Kepler kind knowledge Lakatos laws logical material means method methodology modern moon motion moves naive realism natural interpretations objects observation language optics Parmenides perception phenomena Philosophy of Science point of view Popper possible principles problem procedure Ptolemy quantum theory rational rationalists realistic reason refuted regarded relation relativistic replaced rules scientific scientists seen situation standards statements structure T.S. Kuhn telescope theoretical theory of relativity things tion traditions York