Bad Bugs in the XXIst Century: Resistance Mediated by Multi-Drug Efflux Pumps in Gram-Negative BacteriaAttilio Vittorio Vargiu, Klaas Martinus Pos, Keith Poole, Hiroshi Nikaido The discovery of antibiotics represented a key milestone in the history of medicine. However, with the rise of these life-saving drugs came the awareness that bacteria deploy defence mechanisms to resist these antibiotics, and they are good at it. Today, we appear at a crossroads between discovery of new potent drugs and omni-resistant superbugs. Moreover, the misuse of antibiotics in different industries has increased the rate of resistance development by providing permanent selective pressure and, subsequently, enrichment of multidrug resistant pathogens. As a result, antimicrobial resistance has now become an urgent threat to public health worldwide (http://www.who.int/ The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in an increasing number of pathogens, including Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Burkholderia, and other Gram-negative bacteria is a most severe issue. Membrane efflux pump complexes of the Resistance-Nodulation-cell Division (RND) superfamily play a key role in the development of MDR in these bacteria. RND pumps, together with other transporters, contribute to intrinsic and acquired resistance to most, if not all, of the antimicrobial compounds available in our drug arsenal. Given the enormous drug polyspecificity of MDR efflux pumps, studies on their mechanism of action are extremely challenging, and this has negatively impacted both the development of new antibiotics that are able to evade these efflux pumps as well as the design of pump inhibitors. The collection of articles in this eBook, published as a Research Topic in Frontiers in Microbiology, section of Antimicrobials, Resistance, and Chemotherapy, aims to update the reader about the latest advances on the structure and function of RND efflux transporters, their roles in the overall multidrug resistance phenotype of Gram-negative pathogens, and on strategies to inhibit their activities. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which RND efflux pumps, alone or synergistically with other efflux pumps, are able to limit the concentration of antimicrobial compounds inside the bacterial cell, may pave the way for new, more directed, inhibitor and antibiotic design to ultimately overcome antimicrobial resistance by Gram-negatives. |
Contents
Bad Bugs in the XXIst Century Resistance Mediated by MultiDrug Efflux Pumps in GramNegative Bacteria | 6 |
Structural basis of RNDtype multidrug exporters | 9 |
Substrate binding accelerates the conformational transitions and substrate dissociation in multidrug efflux transporter AcrB | 28 |
Interaction of antibacterial compounds with RND efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 39 |
New OprM structure highlighting the nature of the Nterminal anchor | 60 |
Repressive mutations restore functionloss caused by the disruption of trimerization in Escherichia coli multidrug transporter AcrB | 70 |
Mechanism of coupling drug transport reactions located in two different membranes | 80 |
Architecture and roles of periplasmic adaptor proteins in tripartite efflux assemblies | 93 |
The ins and outs of RND efflux pumps in Escherichia coli | 121 |
Pmqr genes oqxab and aac6ibcr accelerate the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in salmonella typhimurium | 135 |
a transcriptomic approach exposes the AceI efflux protein of Acinetobacter baumannii and reveals the drug efflux potential hidden in many microbia... | 142 |
identification of a novel MexS variant involved in upregulation of the mexEFoprN multidrug efflux operon | 148 |
Efflux pumpmediated drug resistance in Burkholderia | 157 |
molecular mechanism and inhibition | 167 |
Recent advances toward a molecular mechanism of efflux pump inhibition | 178 |
Back Cover | 194 |
a biotinylated proteoliposome affinity assay for the investigation of assembly of the MexAMexBOprM efflux pump from Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 113 |