The Imperial Style of Inquiry in Twentieth-Century China: The Emergence of New ApproachesHow have traditional Chinese ways of thinking affected problem solving in this century? The traditional, imperial style of inquiry is associated with the belief that the universe is a coherent, internally structured unity understandable through the similarly structured human mind. It involves a reliance on antecedent and authoritarian models, coupled with an introspective focus in investigations, at some cost to objective fact gathering. In contrast, emergent forms of inquiry are guided by the values of individual autonomy and new perspectives on objectivity. In the 1930s and 1940s, some liberal educators held the model of Western science in great esteem, and some scientists practicing objective inquiry helped to create an awareness in the urban areas of inquiry not directed by political values. Drawing on philosophical, social science, and popular culture materials, Donald Munro shows that the two strains coexisted in twentieth century China as mixed motives. Many important figures were motivated by a desire to act consistently with the social values associated with the premodern or received view of knowledge and inquiry. At the same time, these people often had other motives, such as utilitarian values, efficiency, and entrepreneurship. Munro argues that while many competing positions can coexist in the same person, the seeds of the positive, instrumental value of individual autonomy in Chinese inquiry are beginning to compete in both scholarly and popular culture with other, older approaches. |
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action approach authority autonomy Beijing belief called central century chapter China Chinese claim complete concern Confucian consistent criticism culture derived described discussion early economic elite emergence example exist facts follow goals heaven helped historical human idea ideal imperial important included individual innate interest involves kind knowledge leaders living material matter means method Michigan mind moral motives movement nature needs noted objective officials organizations original Party people's period person philosophy political popular population position possible practice Press principles problems realm reason refer relations result role rules scientific sense shared shift situation social society solving structure style of inquiry subjective success theory things thought tion traits truth understanding University values Wang Western writings